Riverscapes are a complex and multi-scale socio-ecological and hydrogeomorphic system, which is the result from the interaction between human and nature. The "River Style Framework", based on the principles of hydrogeomorphology, provides a mature learning tool to understand the "form and process". The paper made a systematic review of the main principles, procedures and contents of river style framework. The multi-scale spatial framework, the classification system of river style and geomorphic units provide the basic approach for describing and interpreting river character and behavior. At the watershed scale, the priority of restoration strategy of each reach can be identified after the geomorphological condition assessment and the restoration potential assessment; at the reach scale, with the evolution trajectory analysis of the specific reach, the change trend can be predicted, and providing knowledge evidence for "process-based" riverscape restoration design and actions.@en

The interaction between light and its surroundings (i.e. the geometry and materials) shapes the lighting distribution and determines the appearance of scenes and its visual experiences. In this study, we introduced the concept of light distribution solids by distinguishing luminance distribution solids and illuminance distribution solids. It is helpful to understand the spatial and formgiving lighting effects on objects’ appearance. Furthermore, this study together with our previous study (Xia, Pont et al. 2016, Xia, Pont et al. 2016) provide theoretical basis for the exploration of extracting photometry parameters out of HDR panoramic photographs of scenes.

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The light diffuseness (Xia, Pont et al. 2016, Xia, Pont et al. 2016) can strongly influence the appearance of scenes and objects inside it. There are numerous studies investigating how to measure the light diffuseness or modelling index. However, there are few studies about how light diffuseness is interpreted by human observers. We use an appearancematching experiment to investigate observers' visual interpretation of light diffuseness from object appearance and its potential interactions with viewing angles, light probe type, etcetera. The results indicate that, generally, the observers are able to distinguish different diffuseness levels for both the smooth and rough white spherical probes. The 'diffuseness-direction ambiguity' (Pont and Koenderink 2007) is obvious especially for the smooth probe and it can be largely corrected for by the 'effective vector to scalar ratio' (Cuttle 1971). Moreover, the results showed that the use of a probe with mesorelief can at least partly resolve the 'diffuseness-direction ambiguity'.

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