The performance of fluidized bed reactors strongly depends on the bubble behavior, for which reason knowledge concerning the bubble properties is important for modeling and reactor optimization. X-ray measurements can be used to characterize bubbles within the cross-section of a fluidized bed on a laboratory scale, but cannot easily be extended to hot, pressurized large scale plants. For future measurements at hot conditions in a fluidized bed methanation reactor, we have developed an optical probing system that can be employed under these conditions. However, optical sensors are only able to investigate the local fluidization patterns at a defined position in the bed. The objective of this study is to characterize differences in bubble properties between local optical measurements and an X-ray tomography method that is able to detect bubbles over the entire cross-section. Therefore, an artificial optical signal is created out of existing hydrodynamic X-ray measurement data obtained at a cold flow model of a pilot scale methanation reactor. The determined bubble properties of both methods (i.e. evaluation of the derived artificial optical probe signal and image reconstruction based on the evaluation of original X-ray tomographic data) are compared with regard to the bubble rise velocity and the bubble size (for the X-ray method) or pierced chord length (for the optical evaluation method), respectively. The comparison shows that for the evaluation of the optical probe data, statistical effects have to be considered carefully. The detected mean chord length of the optical method does not immediately correspond to the mean bubble size determined by the X-ray method. Moreover, also differences regarding the bubble rise velocity were detected for some fluidization states. The reason for the discrepancies between both methods could be identified and corrected, amongst others by means of a Monte Carlo simulation in which rising bubbles in a fluidized bed were simulated and characterized by a local virtual optical sensor.@en

The hydrodynamic behavior of a cold-flow gas–solid fluidized bed with an inner diameter of 22 cm is investigated by means of an ultra-fast X-ray tomographic setup. In the case of an exothermal reaction, heat exchanger tubes are required to remove the reaction heat out of the bubbling fluidized bed reactor. For the examined cold-flow model, the heat exchanger tubes are replaced by vertical internals that serve as placeholder. The influence of vertical internals on the bubble properties for different spatial configurations (square and circular arrangements) is investigated in addition to measurements without internals. Furthermore, the hydrodynamic results of the Ø 22 cm column are compared with an available data set which is based on measurements that were conducted in a column with an inner diameter of 14 cm. The objective of this paper is to provide measurement data for the scale-up process as well as for various computer models simulating a bubbling fluidized bed with vertical internals. It was found that the scale-up process from pilot plants to an industrial scale may be simplified if vertical internals are present, independently of the geometric arrangement.@en

heat exchanger tubes in bubbling fluidized bed reactors are necessary to remove the reaction heat of exothermal reactions. Vertical internals that mimic the heat exchanger tubes in cold-flow models, proofed to reduce the bubble size and lead to a more even distribution of the bubbles above the cross-section. Another option is to orientate the internals horizontally inside the column. By means of a measurement campaign at a cold-flow model, differences concerning the hydrodynamic behavior between a column with horizontal and vertical internals were investigated and determined. It turned out that the horizontal internals influence the hydrodynamics in a way which is not beneficial concerning the reactor performance due to an accumulation of bubbles below the horizontal internals and preferential pathways of the bubbles between the horizontal internals.@en

heat exchanger tubes in bubbling fluidized bed reactors are necessary to remove the reaction heat of exothermal reactions. Vertical internals that mimic the heat exchanger tubes in cold-flow models, proofed to reduce the bubble size and lead to a more even distribution of the bubbles above the cross-section. Another option is to orientate the internals horizontally inside the column. By means of a measurement campaign at a cold-flow model, differences concerning the hydrodynamic behavior between a column with horizontal and vertical internals were investigated and determined. It turned out that the horizontal internals influence the hydrodynamics in a way which is not beneficial concerning the reactor performance due to an accumulation of bubbles below the horizontal internals and preferential pathways of the bubbles between the horizontal internals.@en