The broth in industrial scale fermentors may contain significant gradients in, for example, substrate concentration, dissolved oxygen and shear rates. From the perspective of microbes in this fermentor, these gradients translate to temporal variations in their environment that may affect their metabolic response. As a result, there may be differences in process yield between laboratory scale fermentations and their industrial counterpart. Rather than scaling-up bioprocesses based on equivalence, it is recommended to scale-down: mimic the large-scale environment in lab scale setups, to account for hydrodynamic-metabolic interaction from the start. In this thesis, the use of Euler-Lagrange computational fluid dynamics to capture the large-scale fermentation environment is explored. Lagrangian simulations offer to study processes from the microbial perspective (so-called “lifelines”), and enable coupling of metabolic models describing the response to external variations. With this, it is possible to take the history of the trajectory of the microbe into account, as organisms may not adapt to their surroundings instantaneously. Guidelines for the setup of fermentor simulations are presented, and several means for processing the lifelines are discussed. The obtained information is used to design lab-scale fermentations that mimic large-scale conditions. It is furthermore shown how coupled hydrodynamic-metabolic simulations can be used to predict yield-loss, assess process improvements, and study the onset of population heterogeneity in large-scale fermentors. Additionally, a more fundamental towards the role of the turbulent Schmidt number in multi-impeller mixing is included.@en

Plastic pollution is a big problem all over the world. Every year more plastic is produced, a lot of plastic litter is mismanaged and enters the ocean. It’s important to know where these plastics accumulate. With this information the problem can be quantified and the plastic litter can be cleaned up. In this project, the transport of micro plastics will be studied. These are plastic particles with a diameter smaller than 5 mm. To model micro plastics in an accurate way, it is important to include the physical properties of plastics in a transport model. Plastic particles have an extra upwards buoyancy force in the vertical direction, this force has to be taken into account in the model. Therefore, the two-dimensional vertical behavior of plastic particles is studied in this project. Two common transport models are explored: the advection-diffusion equation and a stochastic random walk model. The properties of plastics are discussed and how the transport models can be adapted to be adequate to model micro plastics. Micro plastics are assumed as spheres in fluid. With this assumption, the flow regime around a plastic particle is estimated with the Reynolds number. These assumptions make it possible to calculate a terminal buoyancy velocity, due to the floating character of plastic. This velocity is added in the vertical direction to both transport models. To model the turbulence in the ocean, the eddy diffusivity coefficient is defined. This is a variable that states how turbulent the flow is, it can be described as an enhanced diffusion coefficient. The eddy diffusivity coefficient can be estimated with the model Prandlt defined. Here we used a simplified turbulence model for the tests described. In combination with Delft3D-FM the eddy diffusivity from the turbulence model in there can be used. Both models are implemented in Matlab. The characteristics of the model match with the expected behavior of floating plastics. Plastic particles will perfectly follow the velocity field, except for the extra vertical velocity. When this term is non-zero, the particles will float. Both models have some limitations in efficiency for modeling plastic particles. The advection-diffusion equation is not suitable for high concentration gradients. The random walk model is not suitable for big areas or long timescales. The choice between both models is depending on the sort of case that someone wants to model. This project has been carried out at Deltares, an independent water research institute. At Deltares there is a two-dimensional horizontal model available to model particles in the ocean. In the future the existing model of Deltares and the model in this project could be combined. This combined model can be tested for real-life situations in the ocean. With this combined model, the physical properties of plastics are included in a three-dimensional particle model.

There is an increasing demand from the petroleum industry for high accuracy subsea multiphase flowmeters to make the development of difficult to access deep water and ultra-deep water fields economically viable. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a very powerful measuring principle, and is one of the few techniques considered to be capable of meeting the required high performance. The work presented in this thesis is a first step in the development of a non-invasive, in-line, full-bore, nuclear magnetic resonance based, multiphase flowmeter without phase separation. The continued development of the investigated system has led to the commercial KROHNE M-PHASE 5000 flowmeter, which is based on an improved prototype. To keep maintenance as low as possible, the flowmeter consists of a permanent polarizing magnet with two measuring probes, operating at 14.1 MHz, at different streamwise positions. Pipelines with an inner diameter of up to 10 cm fit through the bore of the flowmeter prototype. Two NMR measurement concepts have been developed, each with a different underlying velocity measuring principle, to determine the liquid flowrate in a gas-liquid flow: (i) the T1 Relaxation Residence Time (T1RRT) method utilizes the longitudinal relaxation principle to derive the velocity from the intensity of the NMR signal, which is a function of the residence time in the polarizing magnetic field; (ii) the Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) method exploits pulsed magnetic field gradients, to obtain the fluid velocity from the phase shift of a spin echo signal. Both flowmetering concepts resolve the fractions of the liquid components identically, from the multi-exponential course of the signal intensity associated with the different polarization lengths of the measuring probes. The measurement concepts have been tested for singlephase flow in 9.85 mm, 34 mm and 98.6 mm diameter pipes and for two-phase flow in a 98.6 mm diameter pipe. @en

Dit onderzoek bestudeert het energieverlies van het barotroop getij aan de opwekking van intern getij. Dit energieverlies vindt plaats bij stroming van de gestratificeerde oceaan over steile topografieën, zoals ruggen in de oceaan en bij de randen van continentale platen. Zo'n 25-30% van de totale getij-energie, die wordt opgewekt door de zon en de maan gaat zo verloren. In een wereldwijd getijmodel wordt alleen het dieptegemiddelde gedrag van de getijstroming beschouwd, waardoor de opwekking van intern getij niet expliciet gemodelleerd kan worden. Om het effect daar wel in mee te nemen, wordt het verlies van barotroop getij aan de opwekking van intern getij geparametriseerd aan de hand van variabelen, die in dat model wel meegenomen zijn. Het onderzoek is numeriek uitgevoerd met het hydrostatisch oceaanmodel Delft3D-Flexible Mesh. In het 3D model is expliciet de opwekking van intern getij gesimuleerd en vergeleken met analytische resultaten voor de opwekking van intern getij. Daarnaast zijn deze resultaten gebruikt om de huidige geïmplementeerde parametrisering, van de opwekking van intern getij, in het 2D model te toetsen. De expliciete simulering van de opwekking van intern getij in Delft3D-FM is succesvol gedaan. Het energieverlies van barotroop getij aan de opwekking van intern getij was in overeenstemming de literatuur. Voor smalle topografieën hoger dan (ongeveer) een halve oceaandiepte lijkt de hydrostatische aanname in het model te worden overschreden waardoor numerieke dissipatie van intern getij optreedt. De huidige geïmplementeerde parametrisering van het verlies van barotroop getij aan de opwekking van intern getij is voor een beperkte verzameling topografieën en stratificaties getest. De resultaten geven indicaties, dat de huidige parametrisering niet in staat is om de conversie over een breder scala van topografieën in de oceanen goed te benaderen. Het voorspelbare gedrag van de conversie voor steile, superkritische topografieën wijst erop dat zo'n parametrisering wel mogelijk is. Aanbevelingen voor verder onderzoek zijn het uitbreiden van het gebruikte model met stromingen in x- en y-richting en het effect van de Coriolis parameter. Om de parametrisering beter te testen kan het bestaande model op meer verschillende typische topografieën en stratificaties in de oceaan worden toegepast.