Compound weirs have been used as adjustable structures to divert flow, for example, through river branches at the river bifurcations. For this purpose, a wide variety of weir configurations can be used including asymmetric configurations that have not been studied in the literature yet. A proper one-dimensional representation of flow over these structures is needed as the effect they have on the river are generally added as subgrid energy losses to the river hydrodynamic models. In this study, an experimental study was conducted to estimate the correct representation of compound weirs at varying weir configurations and flow conditions. In the experimental campaign, eight weir configurations were used with six discharge values. Upstream flow depths at each case were recorded and their relationship with the flow rate and weir configuration was analyzed. A 1D model was proposed to estimate flow rates when the upstream flow depths are known. The proposed correction to the well-known Kindsvater and Carter approach was applied to modify the discharge coefficient when nonuniform geometries are used that cause horizontal flow contraction. To estimate and validate the proposed correction, additional numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were conducted to estimate the detailed flow field upstream of the nonuniform weirs. Surface particle image velocimetry (SPIV) measurements were also conducted to validate the CFD model. The corrected 1D model predicted the flow rates at 48 cases covering uniform to highly nonuniform weir geometries with a maximum of 9.7% and a mean of 2.45% deviation from the measurements. Additional tests on the performance of the proposed model validated its effectiveness in various nonuniform geometries at low flows. However, when substantial changes are made to the geometry, such as the removal of buttresses, the model may require calibration to maintain its accuracy.

Plastic debris can accumulate at hydraulic structures and waste-collection devices, leading to a so-called floating carpet formation. Understanding the accumulation of plastic debris at structures is pivotal in the prediction of increased flood risk and design of waste-collection devices. In this research, we studied the stability of plastic carpets under different flow conditions using laboratory experiments, and we developed analytical models to predict critical velocities that led to two instabilities: (1) squeezing—particles inside the carpet are pushed downward due to cumulative compressive force, and (2) erosion—particles at the upstream edge of the carpet mobilize completely. Velocities of the fully developed flow were measured under a stable carpet to estimate boundary shear stress, which was applied to calculate the compressive force of the particles. Using measured flow velocity data and particle’s properties, the critical flow velocities that led to instabilities were calculated. Overall, this research supports a better understanding of physical processes associated with plastic accumulation, supporting the development of optimized plastic removal strategies.

Groynes are commonly found in lowland rivers, where they help maintain a navigable main channel depth and prevent bank erosion. The areas between them, the groyne fields, mainly consist of sediments. The morphodynamics of groyne fields have been studied through laboratory experiments (Yossef & De Vriend, 2010) and numerical models (McCoy et al., 2008; Constantinescu et al., 2009). However, these controlled experiments do not capture the spatial variability observed in natural settings. Based on field measurements Ten Brinke et al. (2004) hypothesized that groyne fields gradually erode under the influence of shipping, while substantial sedimentation occurs during floods. Our objective is to provide a more thorough understanding of the natural variability in groyne field bed level changes with the ultimate purpose to assess the potential and efficacy of groyne field nourishments. To this end, we first establish a baseline representing the natural variability in groyne field bed level changes. Additionally, understanding the factors that govern this baseline is essential.

Dams are important water infrastructure whose main purposes can be compromised by sedimentation. This causes loss of storage volume, affecting river sediment fluxes and morphology. However, sediment management strategies can be implemented to reduce these impacts. Our goal is to characterize and quantify key processes of an idealized and reduced physical model of water injection dredging, applicable as a sediment management technique. Three sets of experiments were conducted, varying the following parameters: (a) jet discharge; (b) jet angle; (c) bed angle. The spatio-temporal evolution of the main physical processes (scour hole formation, sediment suspension development, and downstream deposition) was analyzed using images of profiles acquired during the experiments. We identified two distinct transport modes depending on how the jet flow connects with the turbidity current, each associated with different stages of scour hole development. In our experiments, the bed-perpendicular component of the exit velocity (momentum) of the jet is the primary driver of the morphological evolution. We demonstrate self-similarity in the longitudinal profiles of the scour hole and downstream deposit. Finally, we discuss practical implications of this study, such as the net displacement of the material, scaling, and limitations. This research contributes to the development of innovative sediment management strategies for water reservoirs and other hydraulic structures.

The presence of instream and riparian vegetation significantly affects the flow field of rivers, which in turn impacts sediment transport (Vargas-Luna et al., 2016, Calvani et al., 2023). Few studies, however, have investigated the interaction between horizontal flow structure and suspended sediment transport. Hamidifar (2019) conducted a flume experiment investigating the flow field structure in a halfvegetated channel configuration and found strong horizontal vortices. Other experimental works observed the strong transverse sediment transport process along the interface area between vegetation and open channel (Box et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2022). As for numerical simulations, few studies focus on the reproduction of the physical processes between the partially channel vegetated flow and suspended solids. The present simulation studies mainly focus on the small-scale large eddy simulation model, which has not been applied in practice (Wang et al. 2021). This study focuses on the effect of horizontal viscosity models on the simulation of suspended solid transport in a partly vegetated channel in the most applied Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes model. Three viscosity models: the constant model, the Elder model, and the Hybrid viscosity model are applied to reproduce an experimental work selected from the literature.

Knowledge of plastic debris transport mechanism in open waters and its interaction with hydraulic structures (i.e. accumulation and clogging) is of paramount importance for effective waste-removal strategies and sustainable management of plastic debris. To the author’s best knowledge, current models for prediction of plastic debris transport assume a highly simplified geometry, while making use of parameterization of the physical processes, therefore pointing out the need for further research. Herein, the effect of shape and buoyancy on the motion of a single particle was studied employing point-particle approach while the background flow is solved using RANS approach. It is observed that the particles with the same amount of plastic mass but different shape and density showed substantially different behaviors, resulting in different trajectories. Since parametrization and point-particle approach were used, even if the particle size is larger than the mesh size, these preliminary results showed that further validation is required for prediction of accurate trajectory by means of resolved-particle approach.

Tidal stream turbines are becoming an affordable option for harvesting sustainable energy in coastal areas. They can be retrofitted in barrages, providing an integral solution for flood protection and emission-free power generation, within environmental constraints. To optimize the turbine-barrage configuration with respect to these objectives, simulation tools are needed to predict the efficiency of the turbines as well as their impact on the adjacent tidal system. These tools should be based on an accurate representation of the underlying flow processes, which cover a wide range of spatial scales — from meters at the barrage and turbines to tenths of kilometers in the tidal basin. This article presents the development of such a tool by linking an analytical model for turbine fences in barrage gates to a regional flow model. The turbine model is validated with experimental data, and data from a thoroughly monitored tidal energy pilot project. Simulations reveal how clustering the turbines in small arrays can increase their efficiency, owing to array blockage effects, with only little effect on the tidal exchange. We also demonstrate the potential of using turbine fences to manipulate the tidal jet, issued from the barrage, with benefits for coastal — and wildlife protection in the basin. The presented research helps understanding how turbine fences in barrages can be configured with high energy yield and calculated impact to the environment.

Vegetation provides practical protective tools for estuarine and coastal regions. The roots, stems, and canopy systems of mangroves can divert and retard the flow field within and surrounding vegetation regions (Truong et al., 2019) and also absorb external forces from waves (Phan et al., 2015). The area within the vegetation is usually calmer compared to the unprotected region outside. Consequently, sediment tends to be deposited inside the vegetation region (Vargas Luna et al., 2015). The sediment deposited then may have feedback on the wave and flow field and the growth conditions of the vegetation (Truong et al., 2017). These mutual interactions between ecological area (vegetation), hydrodynamic conditsions (wave and flow field), and morphological conditions (sediment transport) are the crux of any proposed nature-based solutions (NbS). From a hydraulic engineering perspective, these dynamic interactions can translate into the momentum and mass exchange processes between vegetation and nearby areas. By observing the evolution of mangrove forests and associated with the rate of erosion/accretion of the shoreline, Phan, 2015 and Truong., 2017 proposed a hypothesis of “squeezed mangrove forest”, in which “the mangrove width” is considered a crucial length-scales that is related to the sustainable development of the mangroves. This length scale was physically interpreted and connected to the penetration of the mixing layer into the vegetation region (Truong., 2017; Truong et al., 2019). It is noted that whereas the characteristic of the incoming waves mainly controls the penetration of the mixing layer into the coastal mangroves, that of the estuarine mangroves is mainly governed by the characteristic of lateral flow. The latter is the primary focus of this study. Large vortex structures caused by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the vegetation’s edge play an essential role in the transverse exchange of mass and momentum (White & Nepf, 2007; Truong et al., 2019). These structures are usually large compared to the water depths and are termed large horizontal coherent structures (LHCSs). The Reynolds Shear stresses (RSs) induced by LHCSs contribute more than 90% to the total turbulent shear stress at the edge of the floodplain vegetated region (Truong & Uijttewaal 2019).

Nevertheless, our understanding of this topic often stems from small-scale laboratory experiments. Whether the presence and characteristic of vortex structures at the interface of the low flow and fast flow region obtained from small-scale physical models remain true for estuaries and coasts has not yet been determined. In order to obtain more insight into the physics of the exchange processes occurring at the vegetation interface at different scales, two unique physical models of vegetated channels have been conducted. One small-scale and another large-scale experiment, both with and without vegetation, were conducted at TU Delft Water Lab and the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology - River Experiment Center (KICT-REC), respectively. Two digital twin models of this flume were subsequently constructed using Delft3D, which were calibrated and validated using the collected datasets. In this study, recent findings pertaining to these experiments are presented

"Plastic pollution is a threat for all ecosystems due to its effects on people, animals, and environment. Rivers are estimated to transport around 0.5 millions tons of plastic per year. When plastic enters a river system, it is transported downstream towards the sea but it is also likely to accumulate at specific cross sections and locations, including hydraulic structures, eventually increasing the risk of floods. Gates, locks, weirs, and bridges are commonly present in rivers and canals and have several functions, including water level regulation, flood safety, and inland water shipping. These can also be found in water treatment plants, hydropower stations as well as debris/plastic collection systems. Riverine plastic accumulation is also known to cause geomorphic changes. In-depth knowledge on how plastic particles accumulate upstream of hydraulic structures is therefore crucial to understand the processes that affect plastic transport, its influence on the safety and functionality of hydraulic structures and their effects on the hydro- and morphodynamic conditions of the flow. In this research experiments were performed using simplified plastic particles to analyse the processes that lead to the instability of accumulated particles upstream of a simple gate."

Marine biofouling is a major concern in the operational performance of submerged floating tunnels (SFTs). The objective of this research is to extend hydrodynamic conditions in experiments and numerically investigate the effects of marine fouling on the hydrodynamic behavior of SFTs, including flow characteristics and forces on the SFT subject to waves. A sensitivity analysis of roughness parameters including different roughness heights and roughness coverage ratios is carried out. Additionally, the hydrodynamic forces of a roughened SFT with a circular shape and a newly designed parametric shape are compared.

Marine biofouling is a major concern in the operational performance of submerged floating tunnels (SFTs). The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of marine fouling (represented by surface roughness) on the hydrodynamic behavior of SFTs, including the hydrodynamic forces on the SFT subject to current-only, wave-only, and combined current-wave flow conditions. The effects of increased surface roughness induced by marine fouling on the dynamic response of an SFT are characterized by hydrodynamic force coefficients, including drag and inertia coefficients. At the Water Lab of Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), experiments have been performed in a wave-current flume to compare the SFTs’ behaviors as affected by different roughness characteristics. In addition, a parametric cross-section for an SFT is presented, and the hydrodynamic performance associated with surface roughness effects on the parametric shape and circular SFT cross-section shape are compared. The results show that the parametric shape can effectively reduce the drag coefficient (C_d) under current-only conditions and lower the inertia coefficient (C_m) when waves are present. As roughness height and coverage ratio increase, C_d generally increases while C_m decreases. However, small differences in C_d and C_m can be observed with regard to roughness parameters for wave-only conditions. The Morison coefficients adapted for a marine-fouled SFT measured in the experiments are compared to predictions from engineering standards and are recommended for engineering practice.

The modelling of complex free surface flows is challenging due to the mobility and deformability of the interface and air entrainment characteristics, which are highly affected by turbulence. With the framework of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models and the volume of fluid (VOF) method, turbulence quantities at the air–water interface tend to be over-estimated. In this study, interfacial turbulence treatment methods including the buoyancy modification model based on the simple gradient diffusion hypothesis (SGDH) and Egorov’s turbulence damping model are investigated. Furthermore, due to the unconditionally unstable characteristics of the standard k-ε turbulence model, the stabilized k-ε turbulence model is applied as a comparison. The turbulence attenuation performance using different interfacial turbulence treatment methods in the vicinity of the interface is compared and discussed for stratified flows and free overflow weirs for aerated and non-aerated nappe scenarios. The turbulence quantities and free surface profile under different flow conditions are validated against experimental data and an analytical model. The results show that for free surface waves, both the SGDH model and the turbulence damping model give strong improvements in turbulence production compared with the standard k-ε model. The SGDH model augments the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in the unstable stratification, leading to unphysical behaviour for the partially dispersed and separated flow.

The effects of surface roughness as induced by marine fouling on the hydrodynamic forces on a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) are experimentally and numerically investigated in detail at Reynolds numbers Re = 8.125 × 10³–5.25 × 10⁴. A sensitivity analysis to different roughness parameters including roughness height, skewness, coverage ratio, and spatial arrangement is performed. In addition, an optimized parametric cross-section for an SFT is proposed, and the hydrodynamic performance of the parametric shape and circular SFT cross-section shape with roughness elements is compared. The pressure distribution along the SFT, flow separation and wake characteristics are analyzed to provide a systematic insight into the fundamental mechanism relating the roughness parameters and flow around an SFT. In order to better understand the nonlinear relationships among structural geometry, roughness parameters, flow states, and structural response, an artificial intelligence method using Random Forest (RF) for feature importance ranking is applied. The results show that with the parametric shape, the hydrodynamic forces on the fouled SFT can be effectively mitigated. The roughness height and coverage ratio affect the equivalent blockage and hence, change flow separation and recirculation length in the wake. Lower skewness of the roughness elements can increase the critical Re by changing the relative roughness parameter. Horizontal arrangement of the roughness elements on an SFT generally results in the largest hydrodynamic forces, compared to staggered and vertical distributions. Throughout the feature importance ranking, the flow regime is found to be the most important feature of the hydrodynamics of the SFT. In addition, the SFT cross-section shape and roughness coverage ratio play a dominant role.

Gas-mixing is commonly applied in anaerobic digesters, yet the resulting flow and hydraulic mixing are difficult to evaluate because of limited full-scale experimental data and uncertainties in integrating sludge rheological data. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to assess the impact of treated sludge rheology on flow and mixing characterisation in a full-scale biogas-mixed digester. The CFD model, which was firstly validated using a lab-scale setup, showed that flow and mixing predictions depended on the rheological properties, especially at low shear rates. The predicted dominant shear rate was out of the effective shear-rate range of the Ostwald model, leading to flow and mixing performance overestimation. The results indicated that there are limitations in applying the Ostwald model and the conventional approaches for determining dead-zone. The Herschel-Bulkley model was more appropriate for the prevailing low shear rates and predicted large viscosity gradients in the digester, indicating two distinct compartments with different flow and mixing behaviour based on the gas-sparging height: a plug-flow compartment with dominant vertical convection above, and a dead-zone compartment with considerable segregation below. The results showed that the applied gas-sparging induced insufficient flow and mixing, but contributed to the well-functioning of the digester. To correctly assess flow and mixing, the applied rheological data should be in agreement with the type of sludge that is treated in the digester. Our results indicate that the shear rate in the digester must be increased and various options for achieving this are proposed.

Compound weirs are used as flow diversion structures by adding additional flow resistance to the anticipated regions at the rivers. Furthermore, they are used for measuring and regulating flow rates accurately over a wide range of flow depths. When they are used for this purpose, the cross sections are generally selected as symmetrical having the lowest level of the weir at the middle to constrain large flow contractions. However, when used as a flow diversion structure, the cross sections should be adjusted for different degrees of flow contractions to satisfy the anticipated amount of flow resistance. The literature includes several studies in which compound weirs are modelled as flow measurement structures. Modelling them with the aim of flow diversion received little interest in literature. The adaptation of previously proposed analytical and experimental weir models has problems especially in cases with high flow contractions. In this study, the free flow over the compound weirs is modelled numerically with the application of flow diversion in mind. The results are validated by comparing them with the surface velocity measurements obtained using Surface Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV). The study aims at understanding how far upstream flow redistribution takes place, how big the transverse mass fluxes are and how this affects the flow at the weir openings, at various degree of flow contractions. Three compound weir configurations were used: One with high flow contraction and the other two with moderate to low flow contractions. The numerical model is constructed by using a three-dimensional mesh using OpenFOAM CFD solver. A multiphase flow analysis was conducted by using Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) approach. We have applied RANS modelling with k-ω SST turbulence closure. SPIV experiments were conducted in a 3-meter-wide, 20-m-long rectangular horizontal flume at the Water Lab of Delft University of Technology. A camera was mounted over the flume to record the floating particle positions during flow. The results gave the possibility to quantify transverse distribution of mass transfer among the openings at various degrees of horizontal contractions. The initiation of streamline curvature locations at the upstream were labelled such that a comparison was achieved among the configurations. The numerical model results gave the possibility to complement experimental data regarding the effective flow sections at the weir openings. In summary, the numerical model validated by the SPIV measurements helped understanding the behaviour of flow under high horizontal contraction. However, to develop a correction methodology for high contraction for the simplified 1D weir discharge prediction models, the numerical runs should be extended for various configurations and covering the submerged weir flow as well.

Compound weirs can be used as flexibly adjustable structures to regulate the flow and the flow distribution over the cross-section. Examples are found in rivers to create additional resistance in one side of the river bifurcations. It is done to distribute the discharge among the branches properly. They are placed at the flood plains and become active only during flooding. Therefore, the expected flow type over the weirs is generally submerged, unlike the modular weir flow which has been studied a lot in the literature. In this study, an experimental campaign was conducted to understand how flow over compound weirs consisting of 12 sections, differs from the flow over uniform weirs. The analyses were conducted under modular and submerged weir conditions to gain a comparative understanding. Configurations of the compound weirs are important as they may lead to horizontal and vertical contraction of flow at various degrees. In this study, nine compound weir configurations were used to include flow variety and a wide range of applications. The experiments were conducted in a 3-meter-wide, 20-m-long rectangular horizontal flume at the Water Lab of Delft University of Technology. Flow depths at the upstream and downstream sides of the weirs were recorded along with the flow rates. Six discharge values were used to include the effect of discharge variations in the results. The measurement results were compared with the standard formulas from the literature to estimate flow rates over uniform rectangular sharp-crested weirs. Experimental data showed strong deviations from the model in submerged cases and moderate to slight deviations in modular cases. The observed deviations showed dependence on weir configurations and discharge. This indicates that discharge coefficients and head losses cannot be treated per weir section, but should be considered in interaction with neighboring sections.

In order to assess the dynamic performance of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) subject to flow-induced vibration (FIV) conditions in a practical engineering application, a one-way fluid–structure interaction (FSI) model consisting of multi-scale hydrodynamic solvers combined with the finite element method (FEM) is established. A typical long, large aspect ratio SFT is modeled by coupling tube, joint, and mooring components. The SFT is simulated in the time domain under currents, waves, and extreme events. FIV of SFTs with different cross-section shapes is investigated by analyzing each structure's natural frequencies, hydraulic loading frequency, and dominant modes. The results show that FIV of the SFT tube is dominated by wave conditions. The excitation of the SFT's first dominant mode by a large wave height and period should be avoided. Standing and traveling wave patterns and multi-mode response are observed during extreme events. The hydrodynamic forcing and structural dynamic response of the SFT can be effectively reduced by adopting a parametric cross-section.

Wave height attenuation in vegetation canopies is often all attributed to the drag force exerted by vegetation, whereas other potential dissipation process is often neglected. Previous studies without vegetation have found that opposing currents can induce wave breaking and greatly increase dissipation. It is not clear if similar process may also occur in vegetation canopies. We conducted systematic flume experiments to show that wave breaking in opposing currents can occur in vegetated flows, but only in submerged canopies with shear currents above vegetation top. Subsequently, we developed a new analytical model to understand and assess the contribution of both drag-induced dissipation in the lower vegetation layer and current-induced breaking in the upper free layer. A new generic drag coefficient relation was applied in the model to quantify drag-induced dissipation with various current-wave combinations. It shows that breaking induced by opposing currents constitutes an essential part (up to 87%) of the total dissipation, which leads to considerably higher dissipation than the cases with following currents. Breaking can occur with various submergence ratios and with small opposing currents in the submerged vegetation field. It indicates that similar breaking process is likely to occur in real vegetation fields. The present study reveals and quantifies the current-induced wave breaking process that has not been reported before, which can improve our understanding of vegetation wave dissipation capacity in field conditions.