In recent years, the housing market has been under pressure due to growing demand for (inner-city) housing and a lack of supply. Housing is in high demand as a result of factors such as population growth, rapid urbanization, smaller households, the freezing of "mobility in houses, and so on. The low developing speed to cater to these issues might instigate an investigation into possible adjustments to the current building methods to increase the rate of housing production. The building sector has the potential to fulfil these demands by becoming more product-driven, efficient and sustainable, which are said to be attainable with the use of modular construction (Bertham et al., 2019). However, traditionally, the building industry is characterized as a project-driven industry with unique characteristics such as location-bound design, one-of-a-kind/unique production, changing partnerships per project, outdoor and environmental factors, and multiple clients and suppliers involved in a single project. These characteristics conflict with the product-driven ambitions, leading to negative effects on performance such as low levels of effectiveness and efficiency, low rates of innovation and difficulties in knowledge sharing and learning. This research explores the potential benefits of vertical integration in modular construction value chains. The study is based on an empirical single case study of an integrated modular building company in the Netherlands. The case study examines the implementation of vertical integration in the modular building company, and its impact on the project- and product value chains. To achieve effective vertical value chain integration during the development phase, the industry needs to focus on synergy, competency, and organization and adopting the appropriate production system fitting to their organization, product and production profile. Synergy involves establishing a clear and structured collaboration structure between departments, early involvement of key parties, and having a systematic approach to the project. Competency involves having adequate experience in the modular construction industry, defining a modular design system with configurable designs, and focusing on modular design systems with configurable elements, design flexibility, and efficient and streamlined production processes. Organization involves establishing unambiguous guidelines and expectations for each phase of the project, creating a comprehensive project plan that clearly defines the roles and responsibilities of each team member, and identifying the primary coordinator for each phase. Additionally, it is essential to have a supportive and collaborative company culture with trust among employees, morale and motivation, and leadership that encourages and facilitates cooperation and collaboration across different departments and locations for all factors to thrive. Based on the modular construction goal, fitting product and production characteristics were explored, which resulted in defining appropriate production systems. The focus on modular design systems with configurable products and the need for design flexibility described in the product description align with the characteristics of assemble-to-order production. The emphasis on product-oriented and project-oriented approaches, as well as the need for design consistency and efficient translation to production, aligns with the characteristics of make-to-order production.

A design strategy for an temporary Olympic arena optimized for a post-event use in steel construction has been researched. Three strategies have been considered, namely relocation, adaptation en up-cycling. A research by design was conducted with a parametric model, where two optimized designs have been compared. Applying several reuse strategies increases material use, but also increases the number of reusable members in a steel construction.

Would you feel relaxed in hospital? Would you choose to meet a friend there? Would you like to spend your free time there? The answer for most people is no. Hospitals have always been synonymous with fear and sadness. Although it relates to the fact that life and death is a heavy topic, the hospital’s factory-like model and oppressive space exacerbate the negative emotions. This situation is even worse for elderly people. According to a CNN Health survey, the older you are, the worse the hospital is for you. But on the other hand, Germany is even entering a super-ageing society. According to the United Nations Health Organi-sation, 27.6% of the population in Germany is over 60 years old, the second highest population in the world after Japan.1 And in the German healthcare system, more than 60.5% of patients are older than 60. Geriatric medicine department’s average length of stay of 15.2 days is twice the average, ranking first among all departments. All the facts prove that hospitals, which have remained unchanged for decades, need a revolution. The best future hospital is NOT hospital, at least not the way it is now. This article studies the body perspective to provide an excellent healthcare experi-ence for elderly patients. Filling the gap between society, hospital and home, ena-bling the revolution from hospital to house.

The practice of almost any sport requires friendly and comfortable environmental conditions, cool temperatures and medium humidity levels, as well as satisfactory lighting and ventilation performance (Torsing et al., 2016). The complex challenge of designing sport infrastructure is likely to become even bigger in the expected future warmer scenario. This research focuses on the development of a climate adaptation concept for the new Feyenoord Stadium, with the goal to make it adaptable to the future climate scenario, characterized by global warming, which will lead to an increase in temperatures and heat waves. The focus of the design is mainly on the integration of passive strategies to cool down the stadium and control the indoor temperature to guarantee proper livability to users, thus reducing the need for active cooling. The research explores mainly possibilities for the design of the envelope, which represents the connection between the stadium and its surroundings. A proper design of the envelope would bring benefits both to the stadium itself and the outdoor environment, by mitigating the urban heat island effect. Indeed, the main question of this research is “how can the envelope of a large-scale stadium be designed to integrate passive strategies to provide cooling in a future warmer scenario and guarantee a comfortable micro-climate to users, while reducing the UHI in the surroundings?” Based on the literature review, different strategies were explored, and those more likely to make the Stadium adaptable to the climate of Rotterdam have been selected and analyzed in detail to be integrated into the new design. Through means of calculations and simulations, outcomes were obtained, which show that with a proper design of the envelope and some areas of the stadium, it is possible to control the indoor temperature to avoid overheating, guarantee comfort to users, and reduce the cooling demand of the building. The ultimate goal of this research is to give guidelines for a replicable design approach to be applied to stadiums around the world to deal with local climate potentials and hazards, and rely on the resources offered by the surroundings.

The Berlin Open Depot complements the cultural heart of Kulturforum, the cultural center of Berlin, located on Potsdamer Straße in the Berlin-Tiergarten district, situated on one of the busiest transportation nodes of Berlin. It is a center for a wide range of exhibition types and stands among the global frontrunners in the field of innovative exhibition experience. The Berlin Open Depot transcends the typical structure of museum buildings, adopting a new approach in its design and layout. The design pushes the boundaries of exhibition and storage spaces, consequently forming a solid, yet flexible space that can facilitate unlimited forms of exhibition. Due to its multidimensional design, the Berlin Open Depot extends beyond the confines of display, exhibition or showcase. It can also serve as a space for events, lectures, or workshops and can be curated by artists as an ever changing canvas.

2020 is a strange and disruptive year. The pandemic virus COVID-19 controls people’s lives. It influences the way we live, love, and work. Offices are empty while people work from home. When, and if people are going to work in an office again like they were used to, is the question. The events of 2020 are an extra showcase that the way we use offices is subject to change. Therefore, offices should be designed in a way that they are adaptable, reusable, and can respond to changing needs. Circular design can help to make our offices future-proof. However, since the circular economy gained attention in the office building sector, only limited progress has been accomplished. A problem within the office building sector is that insight into the possibilities of circular design is lacking. Moreover, in literature there is no circular design model specific for the building industry. Therefore, this research aims to develop a decision support tool that stimulates the communication between client and designer and provides clarity about the possibilities of circular design. This resulted in three main insights. First, a building consists of different layers with different lifespans that should be able to be refurbished, replaced, and recycled without damaging other layers. Consequently leading to an extended lifespan of the complete building and increased adaptability and reusability. Second, practical circular interventions can be categorized into four themes which are based on circular theory. Those themes are adaptability, reusability, materials, and process. Third, decisions regarding circularity should be taken early in the design process. Especially when the lifespan of the building layer is long. Understanding which possible interventions could be taken in what stage of a design process helps prioritising them and thus creating windows for circularity.

The built environment has an important role to play in sustainable development. The Dutch government estimates that the build environment is responsible for 50% of resources used, 40% energy use, 30% of water use, 35% of CO2 production and 40% of the total waste production in the Netherlands. Because of these relatively high numbers, changes in the build environment can have large impact on the sustainability of our society. At this moment about a hundred thousand dwellings built during the 1960 -1970 are reaching the age of 50 each year making more than 50% of the Dutch building stock older than 50 years. In the current Dutch building stock, only a small portion of new buildings is added every year. At the current rate of 0.4% it would take 250 years before all buildings would be renewed. The average lifetime of a residential building is 50 years. This can be extended another 50 years with the right intervention. It is therefore very important to have a solid strategy to deal with existing buildings as this can play an important role in maintaining a high-quality building stock while working towards sustainable goals. This thesis looks at the challenges of high rise residential flats built in the post- WW2 era of the 1960’s in order to develop a refurbishment method that can help to upgrade and maintain these types of buildings in a sustainable way. By keeping the buildings instead of demolishing or replacing them resources and energy can be spared and by refurbishing them a more sustainable building stock can be achieved. The chosen refurbishment method is an add-on strategy as this deals with many challenges the flats are facing. Using the parameters from the case study project the Leeuwerik flat in the Poptahof, add-on variants have been designed with big emphasis on flexibility, demount ability and durability. The Add-ons aim to improve the physical building qualities by providing better thermal performance. They improve the spatial qualities by providing extra space and they improve the social quality of a building by provide a new and more diversified look. The three main add-on variants are categorised by material namely wood, concrete and FRP. The add-ons have been detailed to be completely prefabricated and to be quickly mounted on the building. The performance of each of the addons has been assessed in order to compare them and to find out what the influence is of the material choice on add-on dimensions, the thermal performance the and the environmental performance. Overall it can be concluded that using a demountable add-on strategy is a feasible way to quickly refurbish a building. It offers a way to deal with existing building physical problems and can improve the architectural and spatial qualities of an existing building. Different add-on types and construction materials and are possible. This leaves a lot of space for designers that want to use the demountable add-on strategy while working on a refurbishment project of a high rise residential building to make their own choices depending on the focus of the project, giving each building a unique appearance. This will lead to a higher quality and more sustainable building stock in the long run.

The thesis explores the site of Niuewe Meer in the context of the near future of 2050. The research deals with the new urban phenomena of airport cities - their urban qualities and the issues they pose for development of expanding city borders. On the case of a new passenger driven typology - the airport hospital, it investigates how future airport city amenities could perform as an interface between global demands and local urbanity. The project is based on the notion of acceptance of airport city development by common culture but provides a critical stance toward spatial repercussions of hyper commercialized territory and pseudo-urban space. It proposes one solution to this issue, in which development is oriented to site specific program, aligned with the economic and logistic ambition of Schiphol but reaffirming the specific qualities of the area. The project investigates the hospital as an urban type and applies it to the questionably urban condition of airport cities. The ideology of constant technological progress is leading hospitals to extreme specialization, therefore the organ factory takes the form of a condensed medical campus which can process and supply patients from a wider European region.

Amsterdam city is currently facing problems of old quay walls and bridges renovation, followed by insufficient greening in the city. This study aims to propose a method to increase Amsterdam's greenery that will add social and environmental value through the renovation work of quay walls. The main objective is investigating how the quay walls can be redesigned to gain improved moss colonization as the primary greening method. The research question is: “How can quay wall elements be designed with improved bio receptivity to stimulate high moss growth coverage that will add social and environmental values to Amsterdam citizens’ wellbeing?”. It is further divided into six sub-questions to gain knowledge of bio receptive definitions and concepts first, followed by the study of bio receptive construction materials properties in the second part. The third part aims to gain fundamental moss knowledge. Afterward, a moss field survey is conducted on construction materials in The Netherlands as the fourth part. The fifth part consists of the moss cultivation technique and experiment to gain more practical knowledge of the construction materials. Finally, with the acquired results, a bio receptive quay wall design with other practical considerations is proposed in the last part. Initiated with fundamental literature research on existing bio colonization works, followed by more specific building materials properties and moss knowledge studies on the first three parts. Afterward, a simple field survey on twelve sites has been conducted to determine moss growth conditions on building materials related to quay walls. Later on, an indoor moss cultivation method through the use of terrarium has been done to gain insights into material properties, ideal growing condition for mosses and moss cultivation technique. Based on the acquired knowledge, a simple quay walls element is redesigned to promote moss growth, keeping the site orientation in mind and moss cultivation practicalities. The first three parts' results will not be described since these are basic definitions and knowledge needed for the following three parts. During the field survey, the importance of moisture for moss growth on building materials is crucial. Therefore, not one specific material property value margin is needed, but a set of material properties and environmental conditions should be satisfied to gain successful moss growth. The duration of direct sunlight exposure will influence the site's moisture condition, which will further affect moss growth. Only twelve moss species were found and identified that are able to grow on construction materials, which is used for the moss cultivation method on the construction materials during the experiments. The use of a terrarium to test moss growth on construction materials followed by a moss cultivation idea gained interesting moss growth results. It turns out that the mosses' growing temperature should be below 25 degrees Celsius at all times, especially during the germination phase, followed by a humidity level above 80 percent. For this reason, significant moss growth results on the terrarium test samples are only gained during the end of the fall season and the winter season when the temperature is below 25 degrees Celsius. Sadly, this method is still uncommon, therefore, not fully understood and controllable; improvement on the temperature and lighting control of the terrarium test method is needed to further develop the terrarium test method into a moss receptivity testing method. Finally, the redesign of the quay wall element focus is to increase moisture gain through capillary action on the masonry finish of the quay walls. This can be achieved by using bricks with an Initial rate of absorption value above 3.0 kg/m2*minute and pointing made of either trass lime or lime 4 | P a g e mortar to promote capillary absorption of the masonry finish. Site consideration regarding quay wall orientation should be taken into account since this will influence the moisture condition and the moss cultivation technique time of application during winter and protection against external factor that prevents moss germination. It is concluded that moss growth on quay walls can be stimulated by particularly improving the moisture condition on the quay walls exterior finish, as moisture was found to be the key parameter that determines the presence or absence of mosses on concrete structures such as quay walls. Resulting in an increase in greenery in Amsterdam city, which can be further translated into social and environmental values such as better air quality by filtering airborne dust, stimulating the ecosystem by producing food for the primary consumer and followed by an increase in the benefits of access to nature to human health. How citizens will perceive the green moss quay walls is unknown, especially since the moss growth comes with other organisms' growth and is not evergreen throughout the whole year and how will the moss growth influence the durability of the material over a long period. Therefore, more studies and experiments regarding moss greening should be conducted to understand this greening method better.

The building industry produces 40% of the total amount of waste in the Netherlands and almost all of this waste leads to landfill loading. This has been the start for this research into a circular biobased composite façade. The question for building materials is expected to increase in the future and some common used materials impend to run out, therefore biobased materials could provide a solution. Thereby is circularity often called as a solution for the material problems because when materials can keep performing, there is no need to discard them. This thesis studies a high performance and circular application of biobased composite on a facade. During the research the focus was on office buildings in the Netherlands. Biobased composite has previously been used for bridge design, and a few façades have been developed of which only one has been built today. These designs regard quite simple facades without windows or insulation, while for office buildings (especially the higher buildings) extensive safety requirements are obliged. Because biobased composite is a material for which not many tests have been performed, the information, especially regarding safety requirements, is still scarce. With help of specialists of DGMR a set of requirements has been defined. Besides the safety requirements the research focusses on different production methods and their environmental impact. For circularity, different scenarios are defined, which are reuse, adaptation and recycling. Especially the connection methods between different parts are very important regarding circularity, because they define whether a part can be reused, adapted or recycled. To establish the durability of coated and uncoated biobased composite for external use (when exposed to weather conditions as any facade is) two different material tests have been performed. The first test focusses on extreme temperatures while the second test simulates freeze-thaw cycles. Eventually different common building products and facade typologies are compared to their biobased concept in terms of weight, thermal insulation and shadowcosts. Thereby the circular scenarios of both the original element as the biobased concept are compared. Overall it can be concluded that the durability of biobased composite is quite good when a safety margin for the bending stiffness is taken into account. The environmental impact is at this moment not better than that of most common building materials, therefore the shadowcosts require improvement. The materials does offer good options for designers, however requires more research and testing before large-scale application is possible. The results of the research offers information on biobased composite useful for designers. Different subjects are circular design, a comparison between the environmental impact of common used building materials and manufacturing of biobased composite.

The building industry produces 40% of the total amount of waste in the Netherlands and almost all of this waste leads to landfill loading. This has been the start for this research into a circular biobased composite façade. The question for building materials is expected to increase in the future and some common used materials impend to run out, therefore biobased materials could provide a solution. Thereby is circularity often called as a solution for the material problems because when materials can keep performing, there is no need to discard them. This thesis studies a high performance and circular application of biobased composite on a facade. During the research the focus was on office buildings in the Netherlands. Biobased composite has previously been used for bridge design, and a few façades have been developed of which only one has been built today. These designs regard quite simple facades without windows or insulation, while for office buildings (especially the higher buildings) extensive safety requirements are obliged. Because biobased composite is a material for which not many tests have been performed, the information, especially regarding safety requirements, is still scarce. With help of specialists of DGMR a set of requirements has been defined. Besides the safety requirements the research focusses on different production methods and their environmental impact. For circularity, different scenarios are defined, which are reuse, adaptation and recycling. Especially the connection methods between different parts are very important regarding circularity, because they define whether a part can be reused, adapted or recycled. To establish the durability of coated and uncoated biobased composite for external use (when exposed to weather conditions as any facade is) two different material tests have been performed. The first test focusses on extreme temperatures while the second test simulates freeze-thaw cycles. Eventually different common building products and facade typologies are compared to their biobased concept in terms of weight, thermal insulation and shadowcosts. Thereby the circular scenarios of both the original element as the biobased concept are compared. Overall it can be concluded that the durability of biobased composite is quite good when a safety margin for the bending stiffness is taken into account. The environmental impact is at this moment not better than that of most common building materials, therefore the shadowcosts require improvement. The materials does offer good options for designers, however requires more research and testing before large-scale application is possible. The results of the research offers information on biobased composite useful for designers. Different subjects are circular design, a comparison between the environmental impact of common used building materials and manufacturing of biobased composite.

The building industry produces 40% of the total amount of waste in the Netherlands and almost all of this waste leads to landfill loading. This has been the start for this research into a circular biobased composite façade. The question for building materials is expected to increase in the future and some common used materials impend to run out, therefore biobased materials could provide a solution. Thereby is circularity often called as a solution for the material problems because when materials can keep performing, there is no need to discard them. This thesis studies a high performance and circular application of biobased composite on a facade. During the research the focus was on office buildings in the Netherlands. Biobased composite has previously been used for bridge design, and a few façades have been developed of which only one has been built today. These designs regard quite simple facades without windows or insulation, while for office buildings (especially the higher buildings) extensive safety requirements are obliged. Because biobased composite is a material for which not many tests have been performed, the information, especially regarding safety requirements, is still scarce. With help of specialists of DGMR a set of requirements has been defined. Besides the safety requirements the research focusses on different production methods and their environmental impact. For circularity, different scenarios are defined, which are reuse, adaptation and recycling. Especially the connection methods between different parts are very important regarding circularity, because they define whether a part can be reused, adapted or recycled. To establish the durability of coated and uncoated biobased composite for external use (when exposed to weather conditions as any facade is) two different material tests have been performed. The first test focusses on extreme temperatures while the second test simulates freeze-thaw cycles. Eventually different common building products and facade typologies are compared to their biobased concept in terms of weight, thermal insulation and shadowcosts. Thereby the circular scenarios of both the original element as the biobased concept are compared. Overall it can be concluded that the durability of biobased composite is quite good when a safety margin for the bending stiffness is taken into account. The environmental impact is at this moment not better than that of most common building materials, therefore the shadowcosts require improvement. The materials does offer good options for designers, however requires more research and testing before large-scale application is possible. The results of the research offers information on biobased composite useful for designers. Different subjects are circular design, a comparison between the environmental impact of common used building materials and manufacturing of biobased composite.

The building industry produces 40% of the total amount of waste in the Netherlands and almost all of this waste leads to landfill loading. This has been the start for this research into a circular biobased composite façade. The question for building materials is expected to increase in the future and some common used materials impend to run out, therefore biobased materials could provide a solution. Thereby is circularity often called as a solution for the material problems because when materials can keep performing, there is no need to discard them. This thesis studies a high performance and circular application of biobased composite on a facade. During the research the focus was on office buildings in the Netherlands. Biobased composite has previously been used for bridge design, and a few façades have been developed of which only one has been built today. These designs regard quite simple facades without windows or insulation, while for office buildings (especially the higher buildings) extensive safety requirements are obliged. Because biobased composite is a material for which not many tests have been performed, the information, especially regarding safety requirements, is still scarce. With help of specialists of DGMR a set of requirements has been defined. Besides the safety requirements the research focusses on different production methods and their environmental impact. For circularity, different scenarios are defined, which are reuse, adaptation and recycling. Especially the connection methods between different parts are very important regarding circularity, because they define whether a part can be reused, adapted or recycled. To establish the durability of coated and uncoated biobased composite for external use (when exposed to weather conditions as any facade is) two different material tests have been performed. The first test focusses on extreme temperatures while the second test simulates freeze-thaw cycles. Eventually different common building products and facade typologies are compared to their biobased concept in terms of weight, thermal insulation and shadowcosts. Thereby the circular scenarios of both the original element as the biobased concept are compared. Overall it can be concluded that the durability of biobased composite is quite good when a safety margin for the bending stiffness is taken into account. The environmental impact is at this moment not better than that of most common building materials, therefore the shadowcosts require improvement. The materials does offer good options for designers, however requires more research and testing before large-scale application is possible. The results of the research offers information on biobased composite useful for designers. Different subjects are circular design, a comparison between the environmental impact of common used building materials and manufacturing of biobased composite.

The building industry produces 40% of the total amount of waste in the Netherlands and almost all of this waste leads to landfill loading. This has been the start for this research into a circular biobased composite façade. The question for building materials is expected to increase in the future and some common used materials impend to run out, therefore biobased materials could provide a solution. Thereby is circularity often called as a solution for the material problems because when materials can keep performing, there is no need to discard them. This thesis studies a high performance and circular application of biobased composite on a facade. During the research the focus was on office buildings in the Netherlands. Biobased composite has previously been used for bridge design, and a few façades have been developed of which only one has been built today. These designs regard quite simple facades without windows or insulation, while for office buildings (especially the higher buildings) extensive safety requirements are obliged. Because biobased composite is a material for which not many tests have been performed, the information, especially regarding safety requirements, is still scarce. With help of specialists of DGMR a set of requirements has been defined. Besides the safety requirements the research focusses on different production methods and their environmental impact. For circularity, different scenarios are defined, which are reuse, adaptation and recycling. Especially the connection methods between different parts are very important regarding circularity, because they define whether a part can be reused, adapted or recycled. To establish the durability of coated and uncoated biobased composite for external use (when exposed to weather conditions as any facade is) two different material tests have been performed. The first test focusses on extreme temperatures while the second test simulates freeze-thaw cycles. Eventually different common building products and facade typologies are compared to their biobased concept in terms of weight, thermal insulation and shadowcosts. Thereby the circular scenarios of both the original element as the biobased concept are compared. Overall it can be concluded that the durability of biobased composite is quite good when a safety margin for the bending stiffness is taken into account. The environmental impact is at this moment not better than that of most common building materials, therefore the shadowcosts require improvement. The materials does offer good options for designers, however requires more research and testing before large-scale application is possible. The results of the research offers information on biobased composite useful for designers. Different subjects are circular design, a comparison between the environmental impact of common used building materials and manufacturing of biobased composite.

The problem that needs to be resolved is the fact that there is too little knowledge about the energetically optimal application of photovoltaic thermal collectors (PVT) in an energy system configuration as well as its integration in a building envelope. A solution for this problem could eventually entail an optimisation in the use and storage of solar energy. The technology of PVT is very promising in relation to the current energy transition, most certainly as an incentive to foster the use of renewable energy sources and technologies. That is why the development of a PVT system configuration with additional envelope-integration is treated in this thesis. The main purpose of this thesis is to expound the energy concept of PVT, its role in the system configuration and its facade-integrational aspects, all this in relation to the application of PVT on a multi-family case study building. The accompanying research question is: How can an energy concept with PVT be optimised or maximised in terms of renewable energy and be integrated in the envelope of a multi-family building? In order to give an unambiguous answer to this question, the energy concept of PVT and other relevant technologies will be explained in a literature and background study upfront. This is followed by the description of the case study building. After that, the development of the PVT output types, configurations and the development of the system configuration and operation modes are discussed. The energy requirements of the multi-family building together with the energy output of the PVT collector results in an energy balance. Finally, the facade-integration aspects of PVT are described, where the amount of collectors on the roof and in the facade are determined by the energy balance. It was shown that a PVT collector that is glazed on the top and insulated at the back is the most effective type in the light of this thesis, that is to say in combination with this specific multi-family building. In addition to this, several collectors in series will lead to an effective configuration. Besides, for an efficient utilisation of the (collected) energy, it is wise to apply low-temperature heating as well as an energy storage in the system configuration. For the integration of PVT into a multi-family building, it is first of all recommended to design a proper layout for the in- and outcoming distribution pipes. Finally, in order to improve the integrational flexibility, it is advised to introduce multiple dimensions of PVT collectors in the future.

The task of a courthouse is to facilitate the correct and fair execution of justice. Consequently, the building must not only meet all functional requirements, but also take the human impact on the court proceedings into account. Since conflicts, stress and concentration have a decisive influence on trials, this graduation project explores the question of what spatial qualities influence the user's experience in a manner that improves the efficiency of processes in a courthouse. The final design is a regional court for Berlin that exclusively handles criminal trials.

Train stations are becoming an increasingly important part of urban life. They are the connection between different transport hubs, a social interaction platform, and part of a culture or daily routine. However, many train stations are designed to meet only the first demand, “transporting people and making the city accessible”. Many stations in Berlin are designed with these thoughts and are therefore unattractive to many passengers travelling to and from the city, leaving other modes of transportation dominant. The design for a new train station in Berlin will primarily respond to creating a unique traveller experience to enhance the user experience. Digital media and automation technologies play an essential role in this, allowing the station user to configure their own experience at the station according to their needs. The station within which these technologies can serve the user will also have to change its character. Adding features related to service and experience should ensure that a new platform is created that encourages travellers to use the public transport network. Moreover, adding these themes in a station reduces travel time and enhances the user experience. The design extends the standard train station by integrating automation technologies that allow travellers to perform daily actions at the station faster. For instance, car and bicycle parking in the station is automated, eliminating parking operations. Moreover, the station will also feature service cores. Integrated into these cores are automated food and package services and digital media that can provide users with necessary travel information, daily news and weather, exhibition display and events. Besides the addition of automation technologies, the building will also have various functions related to the traveller’s daily routine, facilitating social activities and providing work and study places. Through interactive screens in the station or the telephone, travellers can pre-select the desired functions they will use at the station. The station configures its layout using this data to make the required space available. Finally, in addition to classifying their travel experience at the station, users can configure their space in terms of spaciousness and climate. By applying these new functions and techniques, the station will no longer be a monotonous building for the user but will be able to react to needs and adapt to current and future use.

Concrete is one of the most used and energy-demanding materials in the world and unfortunately it is currently not being used optimally, while it has a long lifespan and the potential to be reused. Also, because the Netherlands has the ambition to build 1 million houses by 2030, it offers the opportunity to tackle the concrete in the Dutch housing sector and apply the concept of reuse and standardization. This study aims to contribute to a more sustainable built environment and to provide a design tool on how to design a sustainable and reusable concrete facade system. Through literature study and analyses of case studies, the most important design criteria have been set up that focuses on the aspects of building efficiency, standardization, sustainability and adaptability. The three main strategies that have been used that summarize these criteria and form the final design strategy are: Rethink, Reduce and Reuse. The process begins with Rethink. Firstly, designing the facade system for repeated use, through standardization, and finding the best suitable dimensions for the facade system. Secondly, by increasing its functional flexibility and adaptability by designing it for multiple uses and target audiences. The second strategy, Reduce, helps the design to reduce waste, material and CO2 emissions. Firstly, by researching how to make concrete more sustainable. Secondly, by building lightweight through the use of a lightweight shape and material, such as lightweight aggregate concrete. At last, the strategy of Reuse will come into play where modularity forms the basis for a reusable design that focuses on the building efficiency by means of the concept of design for disassembly. As a result, these strategies conclude in a final design strategy that consists of a decision chart that guides the architect or client and offers multiple options for building systems. This enables the architect or client to have design freedom while providing an easy guide that helps to choose a building system. In order to successfully implement a sustainable and reusable concrete facade system, it is recommended to present a good business case that focuses on the barriers of reuse and how these can be best resolved.

With the country’s expanding population comes the need for more homes to accommodate its residents. In the Netherlands, there is a growing housing shortage. Fast construction techniques of prefabricated dwellings erected on existing flat roof tops may be a solution for saving land and resources in and around urban areas. Flexible solutions with sustainable design techniques that cater to the masses are essential for the Circular economy. The research topic is presented, and the research questions are framed in terms of technique and relevance to the construction sector. Flexibility issues with contemporary house designs are highlighted in the literature review, and circular building concepts are discussed in order to develop design requirements for building components. The many types of prefabrication are identified, and a system is chosen for the design concept. Building physics strategies relating to steel’s thermal and acoustic qualities are examined, and these strategies are noted for prospective integration into the design. A design suggestion for modular housing top-up units is presented. Different options for internal partition walls and façade architectural components are presented, all of which are modular and designed to extend the life of the components through reuse. The modular components are used in a top-up situation to validate the architectural quality of the design. The design criteria given out in the research are used to evaluate the building components. Finally, conclusions are drawn and research questions are addressed.

This research paper is a TU Delft Master’s thesis for graduation track in the field of Building Technology. Its main theme, digital manufacturing of reinforced concrete structures, has already been studied/researched by many other enthusiasts; but they adopted approaches mainly based on the digital production of formworks or 3D printing of concrete. None or very few re-searchers have tried tackling this topic by only investigating the reinforcement production methods. Reinforcement is an essen-tial part of any concrete structure and neglecting its role in de-veloping techniques of digital manufacturing concrete structure makes the technique unreliable. Therefore this report ap-proached this topic according to the suitable production tech-niques for reinforcement structures of freeform concrete struc-tures. Various techniques and concepts in production of rein-forcement structures have been designed and one chosen. This chosen concept got developed into its last minute details as well as its assemblage process got demonstrated on a freeform wall structure. All the stages are also fully explained providing a source of in-spiration for anyone interested in the topic to employ the pre-sented research in creation of other possible systems. Those research related to production technique which is done by the researcher of this report, can also be employed in other fields such as lattice mesh structure production or 3D printing of carbon fibers.