The present work studies the impact of self-induced Atmospheric Gravity Waves (AGWs) excited by an moderately sized offshore wind farm immersed in a Conventionally Neutral Boundary Layer (CNBL). A wind farm of finite span-wise length, consisting of 25 NREL 15MW wind turbines laid out in (5 X 5 Aligned manner) is considered. In order to achieve the same, two customized open source CFD RANS solvers are used, based on the OpenFOAM and SOWFA environments.

The study primarily focuses on the impact of thermal stratification in the Free Atmosphere, the strength of the capping inversion and height of the same on the characteristics of the AGWs excited. Further, the work also evaluates the impact of the excited AGWs on the wind farm in the form of velocity deficits at each individual turbine column and also power down the analysis.

The study finds that for a higher capping inversion strength, the AGWs excited by the wind farms are trapped and propagate horizontally along the capping inversion along with its vertically propagating counterpart. These cause velocity fluctuations at the hub height of the turbine, which results in AGW induced wind farm blockage that lowers the amount of incoming kinetic energy at the first turbine row and an increased velocity at the last two rows. Furthermore, the trapped AGWs cause the collective wake of the wind farm to recover faster. Moreover, the study proves that the height of the capping inversion determines the extent of AGW excitation by the wind farm. It was found lower capping inversion heights led to a higher AGW excitation and higher AGW induced flow blockage and wake recovery. Lastly, the study also finds that the thermal stratification in the Free Atmosphere determines the vertical wavelength of the AGWs propagating in the free atmosphere. Furthermore, the study also reports that for a higher Free Atmosphere stratification, a lower AGW induced blockage is observed.

The dispersion of air pollutants emitted from industries has been studied ever since the dawn of industrialisation. The present work focuses on investigating the effect of negative atmospheric temperature gradient and the plume stack orientation of two individual equal-height stacks on the vertical rise and dispersion of the plume. The study carried out upon three-stack layout configurations namely inline, 45° and non-inline, separated by an inter-stack distance of 12 times the exit chimney diameter (12 D) and 22 times the exit chimney diameter (22 D) in each case over the two temperature gradients of −0.2 K/100 m and −0.5 K/100 m. The turbulence is modelled using realisable k-ε model, a model used in the FLUENT flow solver. In the case of the inline configuration, the upwind plume shields its downwind counterpart, which in turn allows for higher plume rise at a given temperature gradient. The plume oscillates more in the case of inline than 45° and non-inline cases. Also, for a temperature gradient of −0.5 K/100 m, the plumes oscillate violently in the vertical direction, mainly because, with the initial rise of the plume, cold air from higher altitudes moves down and forms a layer of lower temperature closer to the ground. The present study is important to highlight the plume dispersion characteristics under negative temperature gradient conditions.