With rapidly evolving threat landscape surrounding malware, intelligent defenses based on machine learning are paramount. In this chapter, we review the literature proposed in the past decade and identify the state-of-the-art in various related research directions—malware detection, malware analysis, adversarial malware, and malware author attribution. We discuss challenges that emerge when machine learning is applied to malware. We also identify the key issues that need to be addressed by the research community in order to further deepen and systematize research in the malware domain.