The present paper focuses on the determination of optimum layouts for linear arrays of heaving Wave Energy Converters (WECs) in front of a vertical wall. Optimum layouts maximize the annual averaged absorbed energy at a given marine site and satisfy spatial constraints. For achieving this goal, we developed an efficient optimization numerical framework, where a genetic algorithm solver is appropriately coupled with a frequency-domain hydrodynamic model, while, furthermore, a numerical wave model is utilized to determine the local wave climate conditions at the site of interest. The context is applied for an array of five semi-immersed, oblate spheroidal heaving WECs deployed at five near-shore sites of mild wave environments in the Aegean Sea, Greece. For each site, different optimization cases are solved, facilitating the investigation of different aspects of the examined problem. The largest annual energy absorption ability is observed for optimum layouts, characterized by the placement of the array close to the wall and the formation of clusters of closely-positioned WECs near the wall edges. Compared to arrays employed at sites in south-eastern Aegean, optimally-arranged arrays at central Aegean locations showed reduced energy absorption ability due to milder local wave conditions and/or the existence of quite limited water depths.@en

In this paper, we determine optimum layouts of a cluster of oblate spheroidal heaving point absorbers in front of a wall, that maximize the annual averaged power absorbed by the cluster, while satisfying specific spatial constraints. An iterative optimization process is developed by coupling a hydrodynamic model with a genetic algorithms solver. Optimization is performed for three near-shore sites in the Aegean Sea, Greece. Optimum layouts are obtained considering part of or the whole wall length, available for the PAs’ sitting. The effect of the incident wave direction on the optimum layouts’ formation and the absorbed power is also assessed. Finally, the dependence of the maximized absorbed power upon the deployment site is illustrated.@en

Wave Energy Converters (WEC) have seen a wide variety of innovations capable to harness the vast untapped energy source of the seas. This wide range of WECs often has varied applicability and power production capabilities, making the selection of a device overwhelming. These uncertainties are increased when considering the interactions and suitability of the device with local metocean conditions, and the impacts to long-term reliable operation. The study focuses on the Mediterranean region and presents a comprehensive approach in selecting a WEC, using a novel Selection Index for Wave Energy Deployments (SIWED), which accounts for resource, extreme events, power production capabilities, reducing uncertainties and biases. As a case study our approach explores: (i) the viability of WECs at milder resource (ii) the use of SIWED to select the “optimal” location and (iii) an approach to optimise considering the multi-faceted resource impacts. The study provides a comprehensive assessment of the “hidden” benefits of wave energy in the Mediterranean and its methodology is universally replicable. Finally, a discussion and overview on the importance of this interdisciplinary method for WEC deployments is underlined.@en

Growing energy demand has increased interest in marine renewable energy resources, i.e. wave energy which is harvested through Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Arrays. However, the wave energy industry is currently at a significant juncture in its development, facing a number of challenges which require that research re-focuses on a holistic techno-economic perspective, where economics consider the full life-cycle costs of the technology. It also requires development of WECs suitable for niche markets, because in Europe there are inequalities regarding wave energy resources, wave energy companies, national programmes and investments. As a result, in Europe there are leading and non-leading countries in wave energy technology. The sector also needs to increase confidence of potential investors by reducing (non-)technological risks. This can be achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by involving engineers, economists, environmental scientists, legislation, governmental bodies and policy experts. Consequently, the wave energy sector needs to receive the necessary attention compared to other more advanced and commercial ocean energy technologies (e.g. offshore wind). The formation of the first open pan-European Network on an interdisciplinary approach will contribute to largescale WEC Array deployment by dealing with the current bottlenecks. The WECANet European COST Action, introduced in September 2018 and presented in this paper, aims at a collaborative and inclusive approach, as it provides a strong networking platform that also creates the space for dialogue between all stakeholders in wave energy. An important characteristic of the Action is that participation is open to all parties interested and active in the development of wave energy. Previous activities organised by WECANet core group members have resulted in a number of joint European projects and scientific publications. WECANet’s main target is the equal research, training, networking, collaboration and funding opportunities for all researchers and professionals, regardless of age, gender and country in order to obtain understanding in the main challenges governing the development of the wave energy sector.@en

Growing energy demand has increased interest in marine renewable energy resources, i.e. wave energy which is harvested through Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Arrays. However, the wave energy industry is currently at a significant juncture in its development, facing a number of challenges which require that research re-focuses on a holistic techno-economic perspective, where economics consider the full life-cycle costs of the technology. It also requires development of WECs suitable for niche markets, because in Europe there are inequalities regarding wave energy resources, wave energy companies, national programmes and investments. As a result, in Europe there are leading and non-leading countries in wave energy technology. The sector also needs to increase confidence of potential investors by reducing (non-)technological risks. This can be achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by involving engineers, economists, environmental scientists, legislation, governmental bodies and policy experts. Consequently, the wave energy sector needs to receive the necessary attention compared to other more advanced and commercial ocean energy technologies (e.g. offshore wind). The formation of the first open pan-European Network on an interdisciplinary approach will contribute to largescale WEC Array deployment by dealing with the current bottlenecks. The WECANet European COST Action, introduced in September 2018 and presented in this paper, aims at a collaborative and inclusive approach, as it provides a strong networking platform that also creates the space for dialogue between all stakeholders in wave energy. An important characteristic of the Action is that participation is open to all parties interested and active in the development of wave energy. Previous activities organised by WECANet core group members have resulted in a number of joint European projects and scientific publications. WECANet’s main target is the equal research, training, networking, collaboration and funding opportunities for all researchers and professionals, regardless of age, gender and country in order to obtain understanding in the main challenges governing the development of the wave energy sector.@en

Growing energy demand has increased interest in marine renewable energy resources, i.e. wave energy which is harvested through Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Arrays. However, the wave energy industry is currently at a significant juncture in its development, facing a number of challenges which require that research re-focuses on a holistic techno-economic perspective, where economics consider the full life-cycle costs of the technology. It also requires development of WECs suitable for niche markets, because in Europe there are inequalities regarding wave energy resources, wave energy companies, national programmes and investments. As a result, in Europe there are leading and non-leading countries in wave energy technology. The sector also needs to increase confidence of potential investors by reducing (non-)technological risks. This can be achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by involving engineers, economists, environmental scientists, legislation, governmental bodies and policy experts. Consequently, the wave energy sector needs to receive the necessary attention compared to other more advanced and commercial ocean energy technologies (e.g. offshore wind). The formation of the first open pan-European Network on an interdisciplinary approach will contribute to largescale WEC Array deployment by dealing with the current bottlenecks. The WECANet European COST Action, introduced in September 2018 and presented in this paper, aims at a collaborative and inclusive approach, as it provides a strong networking platform that also creates the space for dialogue between all stakeholders in wave energy. An important characteristic of the Action is that participation is open to all parties interested and active in the development of wave energy. Previous activities organised by WECANet core group members have resulted in a number of joint European projects and scientific publications. WECANet’s main target is the equal research, training, networking, collaboration and funding opportunities for all researchers and professionals, regardless of age, gender and country in order to obtain understanding in the main challenges governing the development of the wave energy sector.@en

Growing energy demand has increased interest in marine renewable energy resources, i.e. wave energy which is harvested through Wave Energy Converter (WEC) Arrays. However, the wave energy industry is currently at a significant juncture in its development, facing a number of challenges which require that research re-focuses on a holistic techno-economic perspective, where economics consider the full life-cycle costs of the technology. It also requires development of WECs suitable for niche markets, because in Europe there are inequalities regarding wave energy resources, wave energy companies, national programmes and investments. As a result, in Europe there are leading and non-leading countries in wave energy technology. The sector also needs to increase confidence of potential investors by reducing (non-)technological risks. This can be achieved through an interdisciplinary approach by involving engineers, economists, environmental scientists, legislation, governmental bodies and policy experts. Consequently, the wave energy sector needs to receive the necessary attention compared to other more advanced and commercial ocean energy technologies (e.g. offshore wind). The formation of the first open pan-European Network on an interdisciplinary approach will contribute to largescale WEC Array deployment by dealing with the current bottlenecks. The WECANet European COST Action, introduced in September 2018 and presented in this paper, aims at a collaborative and inclusive approach, as it provides a strong networking platform that also creates the space for dialogue between all stakeholders in wave energy. An important characteristic of the Action is that participation is open to all parties interested and active in the development of wave energy. Previous activities organised by WECANet core group members have resulted in a number of joint European projects and scientific publications. WECANet’s main target is the equal research, training, networking, collaboration and funding opportunities for all researchers and professionals, regardless of age, gender and country in order to obtain understanding in the main challenges governing the development of the wave energy sector.@en

Wave Energy Converters (WECs) are expected to significantly contribute to the energy transition; however, this depends on their interactions with the resource. Calculating the power generated by WECs depends heavily on the accurate modelling of wave-structure interactions. The Boundary Element Method (BEM) based on the potential flow theory has yielded accurate results at low computational costs when compared to complex Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods. Hydrodynamic Analysis of Marine Structures (HAMS), a recently developed open-source BEM frequency domain solver, originally was created for large marine structures. To date it has only been applied to single WECs with spherical/cylindrical geometries. HAMS offers unique advantages through its efficient removal of irregular frequencies and lower computational costs. This paper aims to compare hydrodynamic coefficients, exciting forces, Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) and computational costs between HAMS,WAMIT, and NEMOH for a cylindrical point absorber and an oscillating surge WEC, extending the currently limited WECs application in HAMS.@en

In this paper, we assess numerically the loads applied on PAs of optimally-arranged linear arrays in front of a bottom-mounted vertical wall of finite length under normal operating conditions. The arrays, maximizing the yearly absorbed energy, consist of five, identical, oblate spheroidal heaving PAs and are deployed at three near-shore sites in the Aegean Sea, Greece. The PAs are assumed to be attached on the wall via connection configurations restraining all rigid-body modes except heave. A spectral analysis is performed to quantify loads. The corresponding transfer functions are obtained from a frequency-based hydrodynamic model that solves the diffraction/radiation problem of the multi-body arrangement in the presence of the wall. Results, focusing on surge and sway restraining loads, are, initially, presented for regular waves and, then, for normal operating conditions (irregular waves), highlighting the effect of the arrays’ layouts and of the local wave conditions on the restraining loads. Comparison is also made with equally-spaced arrays to reveal potential positive effects of optimum layouts on structural integrity related issues.@en