Pore characterization helps to estimate the coalbed methane recovery and carbon storage potential of the reservoir. Earlier research on the characteristics of coal pores has shown that coal has high hydrocarbon storage potential in the adsorbed state, but few studies have shown the influence of chemical heterogeneities and depth on the adsorption potential of the coal. With the objective of studying the effect of chemical variation, depth, and surface roughness on gas adsorption potential, this study combines coal composition analysis and adsorption-based pore characterization of coal and shale samples coupled with high-resolution imaging and X-ray scattering measurements. Variation in pore features is correlated with varying depth and composition. A decrease in the mesopore volume and surface area is observed with an increase in the depth and total organic content and inverse behavior is observed for micropores. Scanning electron microscopy images depict the change in the pore shape from semi-spherical OM pores to elongated pores with depth, and samples with high mineral content show a dominance of inter- and intraparticle pores. Fractal dimension values estimated from SAXS are notably higher than N₂-LPGA-derived values (i.e.,─D_S > D_N) due to the incorporation of inaccessible pores, which reflects an increase of up to 62% in SAXS estimated mesopore volume and surface area. This study will provide a better approach to understand the impact of composition, depth, and surface roughness over the gas storage potential in coal reservoirs.