A specific type of wave is identified as an infragravity wave (IG wave). These waves with very long wave periods, even up to minutes, are possibly dangerous for flood events, increased storm surge and/or failure of coastal defences. Current guidelines for dike safety are often determined for gravity wave dominated systems, so identifying IG dominated systems can be a tool to determine whether dike safety guidelines are sufficient or not. To analyse the IG waves, the non-hydrostatic simulation model SWASH is proposed. An extensive model validation was carried out, comparing the results of a lab experiment with the model output to assess the model’s accuracy to simulate the IG waves. Next, four parameters were chosen to be varied (offshore wave height and period, beach slope and vegetation type) to create several scenarios, mimicking real-life situations in the Wadden Sea and the Chesapeake Bay. To express the IG wave dominance, the Infragravity coefficient (IGC) is used, which is the low-frequency over the high-frequency wave height ratio. IG dominance is defined when the IGC>1.0, and a very IG dominant system is defined when IGC>2.0. For this study, the IGC is analysed at a dike toe. The effect of a slope on IG dominance shows that weak slopes (1:500) show very IG dominance overall, no matter the offshore conditions. As the slope gets steeper, the gravity waves start to dominate, starting at the lower wave heights. The wave heights show almost never IG dominance for low values (1m) and show more IG dominance as the offshore wave height increases. The offshore period has a minimal influence on IG dominance for short periods, but the IGC seems to decrease after an offshore period of 10s. This effect is mostly visible on steep slopes, and barely visible for weak slopes. When vegetation is added to the weak-sloped scenario (1:500), it is concluded that vegetation dissipates both the low -and high-frequency wave heights in case of low offshore wave heights (1 and 2m) and short periods (6 and 8s). For higher and longer waves, vegetation dissipates high-frequency gravity waves better than low-frequency IG waves. This shows an increase in IG dominance with the inclusion of vegetation. For very high and long waves (10m, 14s) the vegetation’s effect is minimal. These results from this study show that for a large number of scenarios, mainly for weak slopes, IG waves dominate over gravity waves.

The climate goals for 2020, that multiple countries in the world signed, are coming closer. Like many other countries, the Netherlands has difficulties reaching their climate goal. A solution came from the Paris agreement in 2015, which sets new goals for 2030, and eventually for the long term in 2050. This time the Netherlands is eager to reach their goal and amongst many other initiatives, a proposition came from TenneT, the country’s national energy operator, to construct an island in the North Sea, functioning as a central “wind connector hub” to connect multiple offshore wind farms and distributing the energy more efficiently over the neighbouring countries. The goal of the project is to propose and analyse a preliminary design for the construction of that artificial island in the North Sea, capable of acting as a central energy hub. An analysis for optimum location for the island was performed based on maximum wind generation, shallow water depths, centrality to the North Sea countries, and environmental restrictions. Of various types of island considered, the reclamation type was chosen for preliminary design because it is the most cost effective for the location’s water depths and the most commonly constructed island type. Following the scope definition, correspondence with TenneT and consultancy with subject experts at TU Delft was made to refine preliminary design outcomes. The preliminary design covers the analysis of available environmental and geotechnical data, safety approach, island shape, zones, elevations, analysis of alternative sea defence structures, building with nature measures, port and terminal design, and preliminary construction plan. The conclusions of this investigation cover practical issues, project risks and uncertainties, and opportunities to reduce costs are discussed.