Sags are roadway sections along which the gradient increases gradually in the direction of traffic. Sags are generally bottlenecks in freeway networks. Previous research suggests that traffic management measures using advanced Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) systems could reduce congestion on freeways, but little is known about their potential effectiveness at sags. This article evaluates the effectiveness of a basic ACC system (B-ACC) and two advanced ACC systems – Traffic State-Adaptive ACC (TSA-ACC) and Cooperative ACC (C-ACC) – in mitigating congestion at sags. TSA-ACC adapts the ACC parameters to the macroscopic traffic state estimated by the vehicle itself. C-ACC uses information of other vehicles in the surroundings to adjust its accelerations. Results are obtained using microscopic traffic simulations with different penetration rates. They show that, under high-demand conditions, congestion decreases with increasing percentage of vehicles equipped with B-ACC. With high penetration rates (75% and above), traffic no longer becomes congested at the sag. Moreover, the results show that TSA-ACC and C-ACC reduce congestion more than B-ACC, mainly because they increase the queue discharge capacity of the sag. The two advanced ACC systems prevent the formation of congestion at the sag at lower penetration rates than B-ACC. TSA-ACC is the most effective system. C-ACC is only more effective than B-ACC in scenarios with 20% penetration rate or higher; below that, connectivity between equipped vehicles is too low. Our findings show the potential of using advanced ACC systems to mitigate congestion at sags and indicate some challenges of this traffic management approach.@en

Sags are bottlenecks in freeway networks. According to previous research, the main cause is that most drivers do not accelerate enough at sags. Consequently, they keep longer headways than expected given their speed, which leads to congestion in high demand conditions. Nowadays, there is growing interest in the development of traffic control measures for sags based on the use of in-car systems. This paper aims to determine the optimal acceleration behavior of vehicles equipped with in-car systems at sags and the related effects on traffic flow, thereby laying the theoretical foundation for developing effective traffic management applications. We formulate an optimal control problem in which a centralized controller regulates the acceleration of some vehicles of a traffic stream moving along a single-lane freeway stretch with a sag. The control objective is to minimize total travel time. The problem is solved for scenarios with different numbers of controlled vehicles and positions in the stream, assuming low penetration rates. The results indicate that the optimal behavior involves performing a deceleration-acceleration-deceleration-acceleration (DADA) maneuver in the sag area. This maneuver induces the first vehicles located behind the controlled vehicle to accelerate fast along the vertical curve. As a result, traffic speed and flow at the end of the sag (bottleneck) increase for a time. The maneuver also triggers a stop-and-go wave that temporarily limits the inflow into the sag, slowing down the formation of congestion at the bottleneck. Moreover, in some cases controlled vehicles perform one or more deceleration-acceleration maneuvers upstream of the sag. This additional strategy is used to manage congestion so that inflow is regulated more effectively. Although we cannot guarantee global optimality, our findings reveal a potentially highly effective and innovative way to reduce congestion at sags, which could possibly be implemented using cooperative adaptive cruise control systems.@en