The study of the surface of a planetary body can reveal information about its formation, evolution, and internal structure. This thesis addresses the design, simulation, and calibration of a spectroscopic ellipsometer instrument that will measure both spectral and polarimetric data from analogues of asteroid, comet, and icy moon surfaces. The instrument can take these measurements at various orientations with two controllable arms, serving as a valuable proof of concept for future spaceborne missions. The architecture of the instrument was first established based on scientific requirements and key design drivers. An end-to-end simulation of the instrument was then built to capture the spectral and polarimetric performance of the instrument. Finally, calibration procedures were developed, accompanied with laboratory prototyping, to further improve the instrument’s performance. Overall, this thesis paves the way for advanced spectropolarimetric studies of planetary surfaces, aiding in understanding potential life criteria, solar system formation, and human space exploration.