The authors regret that there is a mistake in the strain collection number: instead of UQ 51487 it should be UQM 51487 in the protologue Table 3 of their paper. The corrected protologue Table is presented below.@en

Several pure cultures of alkaliphilic haloaloarchaea were enriched and isolated from hypersaline soda lakes in southwestern Siberia using amylopectin and fructans as substrates. Phylogenomic analysis placed the isolates into two distinct groups within the class Halobacteria. Four isolates forming group 1 were closely related to a recently described Natranaeroarchaeum sulfidigenes and the other three strains forming group 2 represent a novel genus-level phylogenetic lineage. All isolates are saccharolytic archaea growing with various starch-like alpha-glucans including soluble starch, amylopectin, dextrin, glycogen, pullulane and cyclodextrin. In addition, group 1 can use levan while group 2 – inulin (plant storage beta-fructans). Group 1 strains can also grow anaerobically with either glucose or maltose using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor. Both groups are moderately alkaliphilic with a pH range for growth from 7.2 to 9.3 (optimum between 8.0–8.8) and low Mg-demanding extreme halophiles growing optimally at 4 M total Na+. The major respiratory menaquinone is MK-8:8 and the core biphytanyl lipids are dominated by archaeol (C20-C20) and a less abundant extended archaeol (C20-C25) with PG and PGP-Me as polar groups. The four isolates of group 1 are suggested to be classified into a new species as Natranaeroarchaeum aerophilus sp. nov. (type strain AArc-St1-1T = JCM 32519T = UQM 41458T). The three isolates of group 2 are proposed to form a new genus and species for which the name Natronocalculus amylovorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is suggested (type strain AArc-St2T = JCM 32475T = UQM 41459T).@en

Recently, we isolated two marine strains, F1T and F21T, which together with Kiritimatiella glycovorans L21-Fru-ABT are the only pure cultures of the class Kiritimatiellae within the phylum Verrucomicrobiota. Here, we present an in-depth genome-guided characterization of both isolates with emphasis on their exopolysaccharide synthesis. The strains only grew fermentatively on simple carbohydrates and sulfated polysaccharides. Strains F1T, F21T and K. glycovorans reduced elemental sulfur, ferric citrate and anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate during anaerobic growth on sugars. Both strains produced exopolysaccharides during stationary phase, probably with intracellularly stored glycogen as energy and carbon source. Exopolysaccharides included N-sulfated polysaccharides probably containing hexosamines and thus resembling glycosaminoglycans. This implies that the isolates can both degrade and produce sulfated polysaccharides. Both strains encoded an unprecedently high number of glycoside hydrolase genes (422 and 388, respectively), including prevalent alpha-L-fucosidase genes, which may be necessary for degrading complex sulfated polysaccharides such as fucoidan. Strain F21T encoded three putative glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases and a putative sulfate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis gene cluster. Based on phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analyses, we propose the taxa Pontiella desulfatans F1T gen. nov., sp. nov. and Pontiella sulfatireligans F21T sp. nov. as representatives of the Pontiellaceae fam. nov. within the class Kiritimatiellae.@en

Two groups of alkaliphilic haloarchaea from hypersaline alkaline lakes in Central Asia, Egypt and North America were enriched and isolated in pure culture using chitin as growth substrate. These cultures, termed AArcht, were divided into two groups: group 1 which includes eleven isolates from highly alkaline soda lakes and group 2 which contains a single isolate obtained from the alkaline hypersaline Searles Lake. The colonies of chitin-utilizing natronoarchaea were red-pigmented and surrounded by large zones of chitin hydrolysis. The free cells of both groups were mostly flat nonmotile rods, while the cells that attached to chitin or formed colonies on chitin plates were mostly coccoid. The isolates are obligate aerobic saccharolytic archaea utilizing chitin and chitosane (less actively) as the only sugar polymers as well as a few hexoses as their carbon and energy source. Both groups are extremely halophilic, growing optimally at 3.5–4 M total Na+, but they differ in their pH profiles: the main group 1 isolates are obligately alkaliphilic, while the single group 2 strain (AArcht-SlT) is alkalitolerant. The core archaeal lipids in both groups are dominated by C20–C20 and C20–C25 dialkyl glycerol ethers (DGE) in approximately equal proportion. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates form an independent genus-level lineage within the family Natrialbaceae with 3 species-level subgroups. The available genomes of the closest cultured relatives of the AArcht strains, belonging to the genera Natrialba and Halopiger, do not encode any chitinase-related genes. On the basis of their unique phenotypic properties and distinct phylogeny, we suggest that the obligate alkaliphilic AArcht isolates (group 1) with an identical phenotype are classified into a new genus and species Natrarchaeobius chitinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain AArcht4T as the type strain (JCM 32476T = UNIQEM U966T), while the facultatively alkaliphilic strain AArcht-SlT (group 2) — as a new species Natrarchaeobius halalkaliphilus sp. nov. (JCM 32477T = UNIQEM U969T).@en

We analyzed the polar membrane lipids of 13 strains of halo(alkali)philic euryarchaea from hypersaline lakes. Nine belong to the class Halobacteria, representing two functional groups: aerobic polysaccharide utilizers and sulfur-respiring anaerobes. The other four strains represent halo(alkali)philic methanogens from the class Methanomicrobia and a recently discovered class Methanonatronarchaeia. A wide range of polar lipids were detected across the 13 strains including dialkyl glycerol diethers (archaeols), membrane-spanning glycerol tetraethers and diether-based cardiolipins. The archaeols contained a range of core lipid structures, including combinations of C20 and C25 isoprenoidal alkyl chains, unsaturations, and hydroxy moieties. Several diether lipids were novel, including: (a) a phosphatidylglycerolhexose (PG-Gly) headgroup, (b) a N,N,N-trimethyl aminopentanetetrol (APT)-like lipid with a methoxy group in place of a hydroxy group on the pentanetetrol, (c) a series of polar lipids with a headgroup with elemental composition of either C12H25NO13S or C12H25NO16S2, and (d) novel cardiolipins containing a putative phosphatidylglycerolphosphate glycerophosphate (PGPGP) polar moiety. We found that the lipid distribution of the 13 strains could be generally separated into two groups, the methanogens (group) and the Halobacteria (class) based on the presence of specific core lipids. Within the methanogens, adaption to a high or more moderate salt concentration resulted in different ratios of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) to archaeol. The methanogen Methanosalsum natronophilum AME2T had the most complex diether lipid composition of any of the 13 strains, including hydroxy archaeol and macrocyclic archaeol which we surmise is an order-specific membrane adaption. The zwitterionic headgroups APT and APT-Me were detected only in the Methanomicrobiales member Methanocalculus alkaliphilus AMF2T which also contained the highest level of unsaturated lipids. Only alkaliphilic members of the Natrialbales order contained PGPGP cardiolipins and the PG-Gly headgroup. The four analyzed neutrophilic members of the Halobacteria were characterized by the presence of sulfur-containing headgroups and glycolipids. The presence of cardiolipins with one or more i-C25 alkyl chains, generally termed extended archaeol (EXT-AR), in one of the Methanonatronarchaeia strains was unexpected as only one other order of methanogenic archaea has been reported to produce EXT-AR. We examined this further by looking into the genomic potential of various archaea to produce EXT-AR.@en

An extremely halophilic euryarchaeon, strain HArcel1T, was enriched and isolated in pure culture from the surface brines and sediments of hypersaline athalassic lakes in the Kulunda Steppe (Altai region, Russia) using amorphous cellulose as the growth substrate. The colonies of HArcel1T are pale-orange, and form large zones of cellulose hydrolysis around them. The cells are non-motile cocci of variable size with a thin monolayer cell wall. The isolate is an obligate aerobic heterotroph capable of growth with only three substrates: various forms of insoluble cellulose, xylan and cellobiose. Strain HArcel1T is an extremely halophilic neutrophile, growing within the salinity range from 2.5 to 5 M NaCl (optimum at 3.5-4 M). The core archaeal lipids are dominated by C20-C20 and C25-C20 dialkyl glycerol ethers, in approximately 6:1 proportion. The 16S rRNA and rpoB' gene analysis indicated that HArcel1T forms a separate lineage within the family Haloarculaceae, order Halobacteriales, with the genera Halorhabdus and Halopricus as closest relatives. On the basis of the unique phenotypic properties and distinct phylogeny of the 16S rRNA and rpoB' genes, it is suggested that strain HArcel1T is classified into a new genus and species Halococcoides cellulosivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. (JCM 31941T=UNIQEM U975T).@en

A pure culture of alkaliphilic haloarchaeon strain AArc-ST capable of anaerobic growth by carbohydrate-dependent sulfur respiration was obtained from hypersaline lakes in southwestern Siberia. According to phylogenetic analysis, AArc-ST formed a new genus level branch most related to the genus Natronoarchaeum in the order Halobacteriales. The strain is facultatively anaerobic with strictly respiratory metabolism growing either by anaerobic respiration with elemental sulfur and thiosulfate as the electron acceptors or by aerobic respiration at microoxic conditions. Thiosulfate is reduced partially to sulfide and sulfite. It is a first sulfur-reducing alkaliphilic haloarchaeon utilizing sugars, starch and glycerol as substrates for anaerobic growth. It is extremely halophilic (optimum at 3.5 M total Na+) and obligately alkaliphilic (optimum at pH 9.5). The dominant polar lipids include PG and PGP-Me with the archaeol (C20-C20) or extended archaeol (C20-C25) cores. The dominant respiratory lipoquinone is MK-8:8. On the basis of unique physiological properties and results of phylogenetic analysis, the soda lake isolate is suggested to be classified into a novel genus and species Natranaeroarchaeum sulfidigenes gen. nov., sp. nov. (=JCM 34033T = UNIQEM U1000T). Furthermore, on the bases of phylogenomic reconstruction, a new family Natronoarchaeaceae fam. nov. is proposed within the order Halobacteriales incorporating Natranaeroarchaeum and three related genera: Natronoarchaeum, Salinarchaeum and Halostella.@en

Six strains of extremely halophilic and alkaliphilic euryarchaea were enriched and isolated in pure culture from surface brines and sediments of hypersaline alkaline lakes in various geographical locations with various forms of insoluble cellulose as growth substrate. The cells are mostly flat motile rods with a thin monolayer cell wall while growing on cellobiose. In contrast, the cells growing with cellulose are mostly nonmotile cocci covered with a thick external EPS layer. The isolates, designated AArcel, are obligate aerobic heterotrophs with a narrow substrate spectrum. All strains can use insoluble celluloses, cellobiose, a few soluble glucans and xylan as their carbon and energy source. They are extreme halophiles, growing within the range from 2.5 to 4.8 M total Na+ (optimum at 4 M) and obligate alkaliphiles, with the pH range for growth from 7.5 to 9.9 (optimum at 8.5–9). The core archaeal lipids of strain AArcel5T were dominated by C20–C20 dialkyl glycerol ether (DGE) (i.e. archaeol) and C20–C25 DGE in nearly equal proportion. The 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that all six isolates belong to a single genomic species mostly related to the genera Saliphagus-Natribaculum-Halovarius. Taking together a substantial phenotypic difference of the new isolates from the closest relatives and the phylogenetic distance, it is concluded that the AArcel group represents a novel genus-level branch within the family Natrialbaceae for which the name Natronobiforma cellulositropha gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed with AArcel5T as the type strain (JCM 31939T = UNIQEM U972T).@en

Use of curldlan, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan, as an enrichment substrate under aerobic conditions resulted in the selection from hypersaline soda lakes of a single natronarchaeon, strain AArc-curdl1. This organism is an obligately aerobic saccharolytic, possessing a poorly explored (in Archaea) potential to utilize beta-1–3 glucans, being only a second example of a haloarchaeon with this ability known in pure culture. The main phenotypic property of the isolate is the ability to grow with insoluble β-1,3-backboned glucans, i.e. curdlan and pachyman. Furthermore, the strain utilized starch family α-glucans, beta-fructan inulin and a limited spectrum of sugars. The major ether-bound membrane polar phospholipids included PGP-Me and PG. The glyco- and sulfolipids were absent. The major respiratory menaquinone is MK-8:8. According to phylogenomic analysis, AArc-curdl1 represents a separate species in the recently described genus Natronosalvus within the family Natrialbaceae. The closest related species is Natronosalvus amylolyticus (ANI, AAI and DDH values of 90.2, 91.6 and 44 %, respectively). On the basis of its unique physiological properties and phylogenomic distance, strain AArc-curdl1T is classified as a novel species Natronosalvus hydrolyticus sp. nov. (=JCM 34865 = UQM 41566).@en

Use of curldlan, an insoluble β-1,3-glucan, as an enrichment substrate under aerobic conditions resulted in the selection from hypersaline soda lakes of a single natronarchaeon, strain AArc-curdl1. This organism is an obligately aerobic saccharolytic, possessing a poorly explored (in Archaea) potential to utilize beta-1–3 glucans, being only a second example of a haloarchaeon with this ability known in pure culture. The main phenotypic property of the isolate is the ability to grow with insoluble β-1,3-backboned glucans, i.e. curdlan and pachyman. Furthermore, the strain utilized starch family α-glucans, beta-fructan inulin and a limited spectrum of sugars. The major ether-bound membrane polar phospholipids included PGP-Me and PG. The glyco- and sulfolipids were absent. The major respiratory menaquinone is MK-8:8. According to phylogenomic analysis, AArc-curdl1 represents a separate species in the recently described genus Natronosalvus within the family Natrialbaceae. The closest related species is Natronosalvus amylolyticus (ANI, AAI and DDH values of 90.2, 91.6 and 44 %, respectively). On the basis of its unique physiological properties and phylogenomic distance, strain AArc-curdl1T is classified as a novel species Natronosalvus hydrolyticus sp. nov. (=JCM 34865 = UQM 41566).@en

Eight pure cultures of alkaliphilic haloaloarchaea capable of growth by dissimilatory sulfur reduction (previously only shown for neutrophilic haloarchaea) were isolated from hypersaline alkaline lakes in different geographic locations. These anaerobic enrichments, inoculated with sediments and brines, used formate, butyrate and peptone as electron donors and elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor 4 M total Na+ and at pH 9-10. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates fell into two distinct groups. A major group, comprising seven obligate alkaliphilic isolates from highly alkaline soda lakes, represents a new species-level branch within the genus Natronolimnobius (order Natrialbales), while a single moderately alkaliphilic isolate from the less alkaline Searles Lake forms a novel genus-level lineage within the order Haloferacales. The cells of the isolates are either flat rods or coccoid. They are facultative anaerobes using formate or H2 (in the presence of acetate or yeast extract as carbon source), C4-C9 fatty acids or peptone (the major group) as electron donors and either sulfur or DMSO (the major group) as electron acceptors. Aerobic growth is only possible with organic acids and peptone-yeast extract. All isolates are extreme halophiles, growing optimally at 4 M total Na+. On the basis of their unique physiological properties and distinct phylogeny, we propose that the seven isolates from the soda lakes are placed into a novel species, Natronolimnobiussulfurireducens sp. nov. (type strain AArc1T=JCM 30663T=UNIQEM U932T), and the Searles Lake isolate, AArc-SlT, into a new genus and species Halalkaliarchaeum desulfuricum (=JCM 30664T=UNIQEM U999T).@en

Eight pure cultures of alkaliphilic haloaloarchaea capable of growth by dissimilatory sulfur reduction (previously only shown for neutrophilic haloarchaea) were isolated from hypersaline alkaline lakes in different geographic locations. These anaerobic enrichments, inoculated with sediments and brines, used formate, butyrate and peptone as electron donors and elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor 4 M total Na+ and at pH 9-10. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolates fell into two distinct groups. A major group, comprising seven obligate alkaliphilic isolates from highly alkaline soda lakes, represents a new species-level branch within the genus Natronolimnobius (order Natrialbales), while a single moderately alkaliphilic isolate from the less alkaline Searles Lake forms a novel genus-level lineage within the order Haloferacales. The cells of the isolates are either flat rods or coccoid. They are facultative anaerobes using formate or H2 (in the presence of acetate or yeast extract as carbon source), C4-C9 fatty acids or peptone (the major group) as electron donors and either sulfur or DMSO (the major group) as electron acceptors. Aerobic growth is only possible with organic acids and peptone-yeast extract. All isolates are extreme halophiles, growing optimally at 4 M total Na+. On the basis of their unique physiological properties and distinct phylogeny, we propose that the seven isolates from the soda lakes are placed into a novel species, Natronolimnobiussulfurireducens sp. nov. (type strain AArc1T=JCM 30663T=UNIQEM U932T), and the Searles Lake isolate, AArc-SlT, into a new genus and species Halalkaliarchaeum desulfuricum (=JCM 30664T=UNIQEM U999T).@en

An anaerobic enrichment with CO from sediments of hypersaline soda lakes resulted in a methane-forming binary culture, whereby CO was utilized by a bacterium and not the methanogenic partner. The bacterial isolate ANCO1 forms a deep-branching phylogenetic lineage at the level of a new family within the class ‘Natranaerobiia’. It is an extreme haloalkaliphilic and moderate thermophilic acetogen utilizing CO, formate, pyruvate and lactate as electron donors and thiosulfate, nitrate (reduced to ammonia) and fumarate as electron acceptors. The genome of ANCO1 encodes a full Wood–Ljungdahl pathway allowing for CO oxidation and acetogenic conversion of pyruvate. A locus encoding Nap nitrate reductase/NrfA ammonifying nitrite reductase is also present. Thiosulfate respiration is encoded by a Phs/Psr-like operon. The organism obviously relies on Na-based bioenergetics, since the genome encodes for the Na+-Rnf complex, Na+-F1F0 ATPase and Na+-translocating decarboxylase. Glycine betaine serves as a compatible solute. ANCO1 has an unusual membrane polar lipid composition dominated by diethers, more common among archaea, probably a result of adaptation to multiple extremophilic conditions. Overall, ANCO1 represents a unique example of a triple extremophilic CO-oxidizing anaerobe and is classified as a novel genus and species Natranaerofaba carboxydovora in a novel family Natranaerofabacea.@en

Protologue Table 4 describing properties of Natrachaeobius chitinivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., and Natrarchaeobius haloalkaliphilus sp. nov. has been amended with an extra line designating Natrarchaeobius chitinivoransas the type species of the genus Natrarchaeobius, in accordance to the Rule 20a of the ICNPA.@en

This is a corrigendum to the protologue Table 3 describing properties of Natronobiforma cellulositropha gen. nov sp. nov. 1. The species name “cellulotropha” was corrected to “cellulositropha” in the (SPNA), (SPEP) and TITL lines.2. The author name “Damstéd” in the (AUT) was corrected to “Damsté”.3. The word “neutral” in the (GETY/SPTY) was corrected to “neut”.4. Some of the relevant values have been added to both genus and species columns.@en

This is a corrigendum to the protologue Table 3 describing properties of Natronobiforma cellulositropha gen. nov sp. nov. 1. The species name “cellulotropha” was corrected to “cellulositropha” in the (SPNA), (SPEP) and TITL lines.2. The author name “Damstéd” in the (AUT) was corrected to “Damsté”.3. The word “neutral” in the (GETY/SPTY) was corrected to “neut”.4. Some of the relevant values have been added to both genus and species columns.@en

This is a corrigendum to the protologue Table 3 describing properties of Natronobiforma cellulositropha gen. nov sp. nov. 1. The species name “cellulotropha” was corrected to “cellulositropha” in the (SPNA), (SPEP) and TITL lines.2. The author name “Damstéd” in the (AUT) was corrected to “Damsté”.3. The word “neutral” in the (GETY/SPTY) was corrected to “neut”.4. Some of the relevant values have been added to both genus and species columns.@en

This is a corrigendum to the protologue Table 3 describing properties of Natronobiforma cellulositropha gen. nov sp. nov. 1. The species name “cellulotropha” was corrected to “cellulositropha” in the (SPNA), (SPEP) and TITL lines.2. The author name “Damstéd” in the (AUT) was corrected to “Damsté”.3. The word “neutral” in the (GETY/SPTY) was corrected to “neut”.4. Some of the relevant values have been added to both genus and species columns.@en