The high chlorine dosages in wastewater treatment plants during the COVID-19 pandemic may result in increased formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), posing great threat to the aquatic ecosystem of the receiving water body and the public health in the downstream area. However, limited information is available on the effect of biological wastewater treatment processes on the formation of CX3R-type DBPs. This study investigated the effect of oxidation ditch (OD) and anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO), two widely used biological wastewater treatment processes, on the formation of five classes of CX3R-type DBPs, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetaldehydes (HALs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and halonitromethanes (HNMs), during chlorination. Experimental results showed that biological treatment effectively reduced the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254, while it increased the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and therefore the ratio of DON/DOC. In addition, increases in the contents of soluble microbial product- and humic acid-like matters, and the transformation of high molecular weight (MW) fractions in the dissolved organic matter into low MW fractions were observed after OD and AAO processes. Although biological treatment effectively decreased the formation of Cl-THMs, Cl-HAAs, Cl-HANs and Cl-HNMs, the formation of DBCM, DBAA, BDCAA, DBCAA, DCAL, TCAL and DBAN (where C = chloro, B = bromo, D = di, T = tri) all increased significantly, due to the increased formation reactivity. Moreover, biological treatment increased the ratio of bromide/DOC and bromine incorporation into THMs, HAAs and DHANs except for HALs and THANs. Different from previous studies, this study revealed that biological treatment increased the formation of some DBPs, especially brominated DBPs, despite the efficient removal of organic matters. It provides insights into the DBP risk control in wastewater treatment, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.@en

Previous studies have examined the effects of peptide bond and unsaturated bond on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, limited information has been available for the impact of reduced sulfur group on the formation of DBPs. This study investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs (C-DBPs and N-DBPs) with a similar structure of ‘’CX3R” (X = H, Cl, Br or I, R = functional group), including trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes, haloketones, haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides and halonitromethanes, during chlor(am)ination of three reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs), such as N-acetylcysteine, glutathione and glutathiol. Results showed that all DBPs except dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) continuously increased with increasing Cl2 or NH2Cl doses in this study. The chlor(am)ination of three RSCs with lower disinfectant doses (the molar ratio of disinfectant to precursor ≤5) generated low DBPs compare to non-RSCs. More chloroform was observed in alkaline condition, while weak acidic condition was in favor of DCAN and dichloroacetamide formation. The results of frontier electron density calculation reported that the much higher reactivity for Cl2 and NH2Cl toward reduced sulfur group in RSCs protects other groups, which account for the formation of CX3R-type DBPs. This phenomenon has important environmental implications. When RSCs are present in the water, Cl2 or NH2Cl will reacts preferably with them rather than non-RSCs to form RSO3H as the major products. Hence, the trade-offs of between the products generated upon S-chlorination, which account for the formation RSO3H, and alkyl halogenation and N-chlorination, which account for the formation of CX3R-type DBPs, influence the formation of CX3R-type DBPs.@en

Previous studies have examined the effects of peptide bond and unsaturated bond on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). However, limited information has been available for the impact of reduced sulfur group on the formation of DBPs. This study investigated the formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs (C-DBPs and N-DBPs) with a similar structure of ‘’CX3R” (X = H, Cl, Br or I, R = functional group), including trihalomethanes, haloacetaldehydes, haloketones, haloacetonitriles, haloacetamides and halonitromethanes, during chlor(am)ination of three reduced sulfur compounds (RSCs), such as N-acetylcysteine, glutathione and glutathiol. Results showed that all DBPs except dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) continuously increased with increasing Cl2 or NH2Cl doses in this study. The chlor(am)ination of three RSCs with lower disinfectant doses (the molar ratio of disinfectant to precursor ≤5) generated low DBPs compare to non-RSCs. More chloroform was observed in alkaline condition, while weak acidic condition was in favor of DCAN and dichloroacetamide formation. The results of frontier electron density calculation reported that the much higher reactivity for Cl2 and NH2Cl toward reduced sulfur group in RSCs protects other groups, which account for the formation of CX3R-type DBPs. This phenomenon has important environmental implications. When RSCs are present in the water, Cl2 or NH2Cl will reacts preferably with them rather than non-RSCs to form RSO3H as the major products. Hence, the trade-offs of between the products generated upon S-chlorination, which account for the formation RSO3H, and alkyl halogenation and N-chlorination, which account for the formation of CX3R-type DBPs, influence the formation of CX3R-type DBPs.@en