Variable-angle filament-wound (VAFW) cylinders are herein optimized for minimum mass under manufacturing constraints, and for various design loads. A design parameterization based on a second-order polynomial variation of the tow winding angle along the axial direction of the cylinders is utilized to explore the nonlinear steering-thickness dependency in VAFW structures, whereby the thickness becomes a function of the filament steering angle. Particle swarm optimization coupled with three Kriging-based metamodels is used to find the optimum designs. A single-curvature Bogner–Fox–Schmit–Castro finite element is formulated to accurately and efficiently represent the variable stiffness properties of the shells, and verifications are performed using a general purpose plate element. Alongside the main optimization studies, a vast analysis of the design space is performed using the metamodels, showing a gap in the design space for the buckling strength that is confirmed by genetic algorithm optimizations. Extreme lightweight while buckling-resistant designs are reached, along with non-conventional optimum layouts thanks to the high degree of thickness build-up tailoring.

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Measuring the geometric imperfections in cylindrical shells is a critical step necessary to create accurate numerical models that can capture the imperfection-sensitive behavior of these structures. Modern composite structures, such as variable–angle filament–wound (VAFW) cylinders, have a unique imperfection signature that is still unknown to the scientific community. This new class of variable–stiffness structures developed by our research group combines wide tailoring capabilities with the efficient manufacturability enabled by filament winding process. The present study proposes a novel imperfection measurement method that is simple and applicable to both small and large structures. The topographic data is measured with only a pair of cameras. Practical aspects of using digital image correlation (DIC) are described and discussed in detail, such as lighting, focus adjustment, and calibration. State–of–the–art best–fit routines, based on least–squares optimization, are used to transform raw data into a common coordinate system. Finally, the transformed data is stitched to build a full 3D imperfection pattern that can be readily used in a nonlinear finite element analysis. The developed method is used to measure the imperfections of 12 VAFW cylinders. The mass of the cylinders is used to validate the geometric imperfections and evaluate the variability of the proposed methodology.@en

This work demonstrates the potential of manufacturing variable-angle composite cylinders via filament winding (FW), called VAFW. The proposed design strategy allows different filament angles along the axial direction by dividing the cylinder into regions of constant angle called frames. Designs using two, four, or eight frames are herein investigated. A genetic algorithm is applied to optimize each design for maximum axial buckling load. A design with minimum manufacturable filament angle is included in the study. All structures are manufactured and tested under axial compression, with displacements and strains measured by digital image correlation (DIC). The thickness and mid-surface imperfections of the different designs are measured through DIC and used to explain the observed buckling mechanisms. These imperfections are incorporated into a nonlinear numerical model along with a progressive damage analysis. Additionally, a scaling factor is applied on the measured imperfections to enable an imperfection sensitivity study on the proposed designs. The VAFW design shows buckling strength, stiffness, and absorbed energy substantially higher than the constant-angle configuration, attributed to tailored thickness buildup and optimized tow steered angles at particular regions of the cylinder. The experimental and numerical results indicate that VAFW designs can be tailored to postpone buckling so that the material strength can be better exploited.

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A reliability-based optimization framework is introduced and used to design filament-wound cylindrical shells with variable angle tow. Seven design cases are investigated to enable a comparison between constant-stiffness and variable angle tow designs, also considering effects of thickness variation created due to overlapping tow paths, determined using the kinematics of the filament winding manufacturing process. The uncertainty in the winding angle is considered in the optimization by means of metamodels constructed using the Kriging method. Moving search windows are incorporated into the Kriging metamodel to accelerate its convergence by reducing the number of training iterations. The results prove the efficacy of the proposed framework and clearly demonstrate the advantage of variable-stiffness designs over conventional ones for achieving a maximum load carrying capacity, while keeping the robustness of the design towards manufacturing uncertainties.@en