Similar to wood, adhesives may exhibit duration of load effects. When loaded for longer periods of time, damage processes in the material may develop, eventually leading to failure. From wood research it is known that load level, temperature and relative humidity have an important influence on this behaviour. In general, higher stress levels, temperatures, and moisture content will lead to shorter times to failure and these effects may be more pronounced in loading directions such as shear or tension perpendicular to the grain. It is shown that the reaction kinetics based approach for damage accumulation effects in polyurethane based adhesives can be described using the same non-linear damage accumulation expression as used for wood. The relationship between the time to failure and load-level as influenced by for instance temperature is determined for lap joints, immersed in hot water with temperature of 60oC and 90oC, and at load levels varying between 30 and 90% of the mean short term shear strength. It is shown that a non-linear damage accumulation expression as used for wood, can also be used for damage accumulation effects in melamine-urea-formaldehyde adhesives. The relationship between the time to failure and load-level as influenced by temperature is determined for beech lap joints loaded in tensile shear. The specimens have been immersed in hot water with temperatures of 60oC and 90oC respectively, and at load levels varying between 30 and 90% of the mean short term shear strength. @en

It is generally assumed that the properties of wood against fatigue are good, but little is known about the properties of adhesively bonded wood, which represents today most of the wood-based products. Lap-shear samples glued with three common wood adhesives [two ductile one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) systems and one brittle phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive] were tested under cyclical loads at three different climates [20°C, 35% - 50% - 85% relative humidity (RH)]. For the analysis of data, an empirical model based on reaction kinetics was developed. In addition, a probabilistic model was used to estimate the endurance limit and the expected run-out lifetime. Both models were combined to accurately model fatigue at high and low relative stress intensity. It was shown that ductile 1C-PUR adhesives perform better than the brittle adhesive system under dry climates (35%-50% RH). However, for higher RH, the brittle PRF adhesive showed better performance, most probably due to a better wood-adhesive adhesion in wet climate. An average endurance limit for tensile shear stresses between 20% and 48% of the mean tensile shear strength (TSS) was estimated for the tested adhesives. It was shown that the model parameters could be linked to fundamental physical constants through the reaction kinetics approach; however, further research is needed to correlate these parameters to specimen-specific quantities.@en

The feasibility of using the modified Hartman–Schijve (HS) equation to analyze the fatigue fracture performance of adhesively bonded wood specimens under cyclic mode II loading was investigated in comparison with the Paris crack growth equation. Wood joints prepared with three different adhesives have been subject to cyclic Mode II testing at room-temperature (23∘C and 50% relative humidity) in a four-point End-Notched-Flexure configuration, determining the crack length from specimen compliance. It was shown, that the HS-equation can be successfully applied to adhesively bonded wood and that it successfully estimates threshold and maximum energy release rate (ERR) values for three different adhesive systems. Since a limited number of tests were performed for investigating the feasibility, scatter sources and possible scatter reduction methods are analyzed and discussed in detail. Also, a new, automated data reduction method was developed for estimating the maximum and the threshold ERR (G thr) values. The main advantage of the HS-equation appears to be the application in design standards. However, before the maximum ERR and G thr values derived here can be used in design applications or for drafting a design guideline, additional testing is required for understanding how the number of cycles, the related measurement resolution; the corresponding ERR value influence the threshold value G thr and how and to what extent its scatter can be reduced; and to further explore the link between cyclic ERR and the critical ERR value measured during quasi-static fracture tests.@en

The feasibility of using the modified Hartman–Schijve (HS) equation to analyze the fatigue fracture performance of adhesively bonded wood specimens under cyclic mode II loading was investigated in comparison with the Paris crack growth equation. Wood joints prepared with three different adhesives have been subject to cyclic Mode II testing at room-temperature (23∘C and 50% relative humidity) in a four-point End-Notched-Flexure configuration, determining the crack length from specimen compliance. It was shown, that the HS-equation can be successfully applied to adhesively bonded wood and that it successfully estimates threshold and maximum energy release rate (ERR) values for three different adhesive systems. Since a limited number of tests were performed for investigating the feasibility, scatter sources and possible scatter reduction methods are analyzed and discussed in detail. Also, a new, automated data reduction method was developed for estimating the maximum and the threshold ERR (G thr) values. The main advantage of the HS-equation appears to be the application in design standards. However, before the maximum ERR and G thr values derived here can be used in design applications or for drafting a design guideline, additional testing is required for understanding how the number of cycles, the related measurement resolution; the corresponding ERR value influence the threshold value G thr and how and to what extent its scatter can be reduced; and to further explore the link between cyclic ERR and the critical ERR value measured during quasi-static fracture tests.@en

The feasibility of using the modified Hartman–Schijve (HS) equation to analyze the fatigue fracture performance of adhesively bonded wood specimens under cyclic mode II loading was investigated in comparison with the Paris crack growth equation. Wood joints prepared with three different adhesives have been subject to cyclic Mode II testing at room-temperature (23∘C and 50% relative humidity) in a four-point End-Notched-Flexure configuration, determining the crack length from specimen compliance. It was shown, that the HS-equation can be successfully applied to adhesively bonded wood and that it successfully estimates threshold and maximum energy release rate (ERR) values for three different adhesive systems. Since a limited number of tests were performed for investigating the feasibility, scatter sources and possible scatter reduction methods are analyzed and discussed in detail. Also, a new, automated data reduction method was developed for estimating the maximum and the threshold ERR (G thr) values. The main advantage of the HS-equation appears to be the application in design standards. However, before the maximum ERR and G thr values derived here can be used in design applications or for drafting a design guideline, additional testing is required for understanding how the number of cycles, the related measurement resolution; the corresponding ERR value influence the threshold value G thr and how and to what extent its scatter can be reduced; and to further explore the link between cyclic ERR and the critical ERR value measured during quasi-static fracture tests.@en

In this paper, acoustic emission (AE) signals obtained during quasi-static crack propagation in adhesively bonded beech wood were classified using an unsupervised pattern recognition method. Two ductile one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) adhesives with the same formulation except for one system being reinforced with short polyamide (~ 1 mm long) fibers were compared to a relative brittle phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde (PRF) adhesive. Using only localized AE signals, it was shown that the signals originating from the crack propagation could be classified into two different clusters. Comparing the AE signals with a new fractography method, it was estimated that different clusters are due to distinct failure mechanisms, with signals of cluster 1 being associated with wood failure and signals of cluster 2 with adhesive failure. The obtained results suggest that for the PRF adhesive the wood fibers help to slow down the crack propagation. A similar but lesser effect was noted for the polyamide fibers added to the 1C-PUR adhesive matrix.@en