In recent years, record-breaking wildfires have occurred globally, with projections indicating a dramatic increase in their frequency and intensity in the future. These wildfires present serious risks to the environment by releasing harmful pollutants and various greenhouse gases, which significantly contribute to air pollution and climate change. To accurately predict emissions of such gases, a comprehensive understanding of combustion efficiency is essential. Due to TROPOMI’s capability to measure trace gases such as NO2 and CO with high spatial resolution and global coverage, it has been used in various studies to analyse combustion efficiency. The study used NO2 and CO column concentrations measured by TROPOMI to estimate Mole Density Ratio (MDR), which is a proxy of combustion efficiency, over two devastating wildfires that occurred in California in 2020. By using TROPOMI data, aggregated to various resolutions using the super-observation approach, the study assessed the spatial and temporal limits of TROPOMI-derived MDR. It evaluated changes in MDR values across various vegetation types by integrating higher resolution land classification data from MODIS. Additionally, it explored the relationship between MDR and environmental indicators such as drought conditions and soil moisture. Super-observations resulted in significantly different MDR values with those estimated at TROPOMI resolution. The findings indicated that there was loss of information regarding MDR when super-observations were used. Furthermore, there was no clear link found on the impact of environmental factors such as soil moisture and drought conditions on MDR. Finally, a detailed land use characterisation provided deeper insights into the effect of burning various types of vegetation on the MDR. However, to be able to fully interpret the effect of super-observations and environmental factors on MDR, a more extensive analysis is suggested.

In this multidisciplinary project several aspects of geosciences are combined. The regional geology background was summarized and linked to the borehole data. Multiple tests were conducted on the well to answer several questions. The slug test indicated that the fracture is still open and essentially confirmed that it is a shear fracture, however it is unclear to what extent that the fracture is open. The fracture seems to be hydraulically connected to a permeable unit or shallow aquifer. Unfortunately, the length of the fracture could not be determined with the data collected from the test. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and seismics were both applied to a location near the borehole to acquire lateral information of the subsurface. The ERT results showed that the layers were horizontally continuous and indicated layers with different compositions based on resistive properties. Seismic refraction tomography conducted along a part of the same profile showed similar results as the ERT for that part of the profile. P-wave velocities indicate a horizontally layered subsurface in the upper 40m. Additionally surface wave analysis of the same setup utilizing active and passive measurements resulted in a vertical s-wave velocity profile that can be used for future implementation of the planned Borehole Thermal Energy Storage (BTES) system. The last geophysical method was using gravity data on the region around the site. A map was made by using available data on changes in gravity in the region and plotting the results. On this map the location of remnants of volcanos and the Litoměřice deep fault can be recognised. Thermal properties of cores were analyzed using a Hot Disk and an optical scanner. Unfortunately the drilling of a new well from which the cores were to be analyzed was delayed, and cores from an uranium mine were used. This way the advantages and disadvantages of both measuring devices could be argued and used for future research. Past analysis of geothermal regions have shown that exploration of geothermal energy causes surface displacement. It can also be observed during the drilling phase. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) are valuable tools to monitor land surface changes. Measurement of surface deformation being one of its many applications. For this study, the above tools have been used to measure surface displacement in the region of Litoměřice.