The atmosphere modifies the emitted sound waves of an aircraft during propagation and is therefore important in the calculation of noise contours or synthesis. Noise contours present the resulting noise levels on the ground and are, as such, often applied for regulatory purposes. Aircraft noise synthesis is a technique that allows to transform a calculated prediction into audible sound that can be experienced in a virtual reality environment. Noise synthesis techniques allow people to be subjected to aircraft, routes or procedures that are still being designed. This dissertation describes recent research to improve the modeling of atmospheric propagation effects in aircraft noise contours as well as aircraft noise synthesis. Multi-event noise contours are usually calculated with standardized models that take non-standard propagation into account in an empirical fashion. A propagation algorithm was developed to augment such a model. Signal processing steps can be applied to transform a source noise prediction into an audible result. Furthermore, such steps can be utilized to apply propagation effects to a source noise signal. For a non-standard atmosphere this is not trivial. The role of a non-standard atmosphere is described by a dedicated simulation framework developed in this dissertation. The framework is applied to a flyover to demonstrate the effects associated with multiple ray paths and shadow zones. Besides demonstrating non-standard atmospheric effects, the framework was used to create synthesized results of actual flyovers near an airport. Subsequently, a comparison between measured results and synthesized results was executed. Furthermore, a method was designed to include the effect of turbulence-induced coherence loss of the direct and ground reflected ray in noise synthesis.