Electrification, including emerging technologies such as structural supercapacitors, is critical in realizing carbon-neutral transportation. A fundamental challenge is the trade-off between mechanical properties and energy storage capabilities. We report the fabrication of structural supercapacitors with a novel fibre-fibre interface to improve the interlaminar strength and encapsulation while considering the effect of structural resin on energy storage performance. The synthesized graphene nanoplatelets-modified electrodes attain a high specific surface area of ∼231 m² g⁻¹ - outperforming comparable carbon-based electrodes. We learned that the use of a gel-polymer electrolyte (GPE) separator containing 60 wt% Li-salt eliminates the requirement of electrolyte infusion and showed the highest values for conductivity for the cell produced using GPE. The implementation of glass fabrics (GFs) into the GPE improved the flexural modulus by ∼22%, while retaining the mechanical strength of the cells. The multifunctional performance of the produced SSCs were on par or even outperformed the performances of SSCs reported in literature. A proof-of-concept prototype demonstrates that gel-polymer electrolyte cells can retain charges for longer than those with a glass fibre separator. Cumulatively, these offer the possibility of conventional composite manufacturing techniques to scale-up and eliminate delamination issues arising from different thermal expansion coefficients which also addresses the balance between mechanical stability and electrochemical performance. Our findings support the advancement of durable, lightweight energy storage and delivery systems for sustainable transportation, with potential applications in robotics and wearable technologies.

As society seeks alternatives to energy-intensive manufacturing, biological growth offers an underexplored route for material fabrication. While prior studies have demonstrated direct ink writing of mycelium-based composites, these approaches often use mycelium only as a structural filler. Here, we exploit active hyphal growth as a post-printing, growth-driven functionalization mechanism to self-assemble particles and tune material properties. When micro- and nano-particles are introduced into the liquid growth medium, their incorporation follows distinct, size-dependent pathways. Nanoparticles adsorb onto and armor the hyphae, whilst micron-sized particles become physically entangled within the growing network. By printing inoculated, cross-linkable hydrogels via direct ink writing, we spatially confine the mycelial architecture without disrupting growth. We introduce selective particle deposition using a dissolvable gelatin mask, enabling localized functionalization. We explore how the shape morphology evolves as the mycelium grows from the hydrogel scaffold into the media. Incorporation of conductive carbon particles enhances the native bioelectric signaling, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio by 2.7-fold and peak amplitude by 9-fold. Together, these findings establish a growth-programmable living fabricating strategy, where multifunctional materials can self-assemble through the natural expansion of living networks.

Polymers and peptides have recently been considered as promising materials for piezoelectric energy harvesting because of their biocompatibility and enormous design possibility. However, achieving significant output voltages while meeting environmental safety requirements, low cost, and easy fabrication remains a major challenge. Herein, lipidated pseudopeptide incorporated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite films are fabricated. Adding lipidated pseudopeptide (BLHA) increases the electroactive phase content, reaching the maximum for the 2 wt% composite film. The composite film containing 2 wt% BLHA manifests the highest dielectric constant and remnant polarization (Pr), among others. A piezoelectric energy harvesting device fabricated with this film generates open-circuit output voltages up to 23 V, five times amplified output compared to pure PVDF. To the best of our knowledge, this material is superior among the peptide-based piezoelectric energy harvesters reported in the literature. The device is flexible, durable, low cost, and sensitive to high and low pressures. It can power up multiple liquid crystal display panels when pressed with a finger. The non-covalent interaction between BLHA and PVDF is the reason behind the composites’ improved piezoelectric response. Density functional theory calculations also support this notion.

The twist-bend nematic (N _tb) phase is a recent addition to the family of nematic (N) phases of liquid crystals (LCs). A net polar order in the N _tb phase under an external electric field is interesting and it was predicted in several recent theoretical studies. We investigated the field-induced polarization behaviour, dielectric, and electro-optic properties of a bent LC dimer CB7CB in the N and N _tb phases. A threshold-dependent polarization current response was obtained in both the phases under triangular and square-wave input electric fields, existing till frequencies as high as 150 Hz. The polarization switching times were found in ∼1 ms region, especially in the N phase. In the N _tb phase, electric field-induced deformation of the helical structure was observed, like ferroelectric LCs. Dielectric measurements revealed the presence of cybotactic clusters via collective relaxations. The dielectric anisotropy (Δϵ) is negative at the frequencies of polarization measurements. The net polarization resulted from field-induced reorientation of cybotactic clusters and additionally from the field-induced deformation of helical structures in the N _tb phase. We explored the possibility of ionic contributions to the net polarization by synthesizing TiO ₂ nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed CB7CB LC nanocomposite. Incorporation of the NPs resulted in reduction of the collective order, increase in the ionic impurity content and conductivity, but an extinction of the field-induced polarization response. Our results demonstrate that the net polarization has competing contributions from both ferroelectric-like and ionic origin (up to ∼10 Hz) in the LC phases, but it becomes dominantly ferroelectric-like at higher frequencies.

We study a quantum-dots (QDs) dispersed bent-core nematic liquid crystalline system in planar geometry and present experimental measurements of the birefringence (Δn), order parameter (S), dielectric dispersion, absorption spectra, and optical textures with attention to variations with temperature. A bent-core liquid crystal (LC) 14-2M-CH3 is used as the host material and CdSe/ZnS core-shell type QDs are used as the dopant. The nematic (N) phase of the pristine (undoped) LC 14-2M-CH3 contains cybotactic clusters, which are retained by its QDs incorporated LC nanocomposite. Our experimental findings support: (i) reduced orientational order parameter of the QDs dispersed LC system compared to its pristine counterpart at fixed temperatures, (ii) reduced cybotactic cluster sizes due to the incorporation of QDs, and (iii) increased activation energies related to reduced cluster sizes. We complement the experiments with a novel Landau-de Gennes-type free energy for a doped bent-core LC system that qualitatively captures the doping-induced reduced order parameter and its dependence on the properties of the QDs and its variation with temperature.

The bent-core liquid crystals (LCs) are highly regarded as the next-generation materials for electro-optic devices. The nematic (N) phase of these LCs possesses highly ordered smecticlike cybotactic clusters which are promising for electro-optic applications. We have studied a one-dimensional Landau–de Gennes model of spatially inhomogeneous order parameters for the N phase of bent-core LCs. We investigate the effects of spatial confinement and coupling (between these clusters and the surrounding LC molecules modeled by a coupling parameter γ) on the order parameters. The coupling is found to increase the cluster order parameter significantly, suggesting enhancement in cluster formation, and also predicts a transition to a phase with weak nematiclike ordering above the nematic supercooling temperature.

Nematic phase of bent-core liquid crystals (LCs) exhibiting cybotactic clusters (NCyb) have gained significant importance owing to its promising ability to demonstrate macroscopic biaxiality and the ferronematic phase. In this context, three achiral unsymmetrical four-ring bent-core LC compounds, bearing a long alkyloxy chain and differing only in the terminal substituent moiety (methyl, chloro, nitro), are designed and synthesized followed by their optical, dielectric, electro-optic and structural investigations. The presence of NCyb in the methyl and chloro substituted compounds was confirmed via dielectric spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction observations. The absence of ferroelectric behaviour in any of these compounds, even in the cybotactic nematic phase and in presence of polar substituent moieties (chloro and nitro), is attributed to the increased alkyloxy chain length and antiparallel molecular arrangement. The density functional theory (DFT) optimized molecular structure along with the experimental observations further substantiates these findings. The study establishes that cybotactic clusters and polar end moiety, although being a prerequisite for ferroelectric-like nature, do not necessarily result in a ferronematic phase.