This thesis investigates the design and performance of a multilayered bioreceptive facade system intended for retrofitted infrastructure. The system combines concrete, cork insulation, waterproof membrane and moss layers, with the aim of balancing thermal performance, bioreceptivity, and circularity. The research addresses the question: How can an exterior facade system be optimized for bioreceptivity, circularity, and thermal performance by selecting the best performing moss species and suitable insulation material?

The study implemented heat flux measurements in a hot-box setup to assess the thermal conductivity and resistance of bioreceptive concrete panels colonized by three moss species: Grimmia pulvinata, Ptychostomum capillare, and Brachythecium rutabulum. A life cycle assessment and multi-criteria analysis guided the selection of insulation materials, with cork identified as the optimal option due to its renewable origin, thermal efficiency, and negative shadow cost. Circularity principles were included in the design through mechanical fastening systems, reversible installation methods, and clean material separation to support reuse and recycling.

Results demonstrate that the combined system can achieve Dutch building regulation requirements for external facade R-values. While moss layers only provide moderate improvements in thermal insulation, their ecological and aesthetic benefits further enhance facade multifunctionality. Trade-offs were observed, as Ptychostomum capillare achieved the lowest thermal conductivity under dry conditions, whereas Grimmia pulvinata proved to be more resilient under saturated conditions. A life cycle assessment confirmed that cork insulation provides significant environmental advantages, including biogenic carbon storage, while concrete production remains the main contributor to impacts. Overall, the system achieved a relatively low shadow cost per square meter, further reduced by ecological co-benefits such as carbon sequestration and pollutant capture from moss layers.

The findings also highlight limitations of the study, including the reliance on simplified laboratory experiments that cannot fully replicate outdoor conditions, and the need for long-term durability testing of the proposed assembly methods. Material selection revealed trade-offs between technical performance and environmental goals, with cork favored over technically stronger rock wool due to its circularity and carbon storage potential. The system is particularly suited for retrofitting existing masonry buildings, though cork’s thickness and sensitivity to moisture present design challenges.

This research highlights the feasibility of integrating renewable insulation materials and bioreceptive surfaces in facade systems, offering a pathway to improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings while supporting circular construction practices.

The Limpopo Lipadi Reserve has the difficult task of restoring its natural ecosystems and protecting them from future challenges. The increasing occurrence of droughts due to climate change and the historical use of this land for cattle farming contribute to concerns about the future availability of water for animals, vegetation and staff, as well as the overall health of the soil. By establishing a water balance and investigating soil health, conclusions could be drawn about the current state of the Reserve’s soil and water resources and recommendations made for future research. The parameters of the water balance were defined by combining the literature and the results of field experiments. A climate change model was applied to the water balance to assess how the Reserve will be affected by changes in precipitation and temperatures. Soil sampling was also undertaken at four characteristic sites in the Reserve to assess the impact of bush clearing on soil health and aquifer recharge through changes in physical, biological and hydraulic properties.
The results of the water balance and the different simulated scenarios show that: 1) the aquifers can currently be accounted as reliable when considered as a total available resource for the entire area of the Reserve; 2) when the bush clearing scenario was simulated, it was found that doubling the amount of clearing has a minor impact and only when 50 % of the reserve is cleared the impact becomes significant; 3) due to climate change and its impact on ecosystems, it was found that there will be an intensification of the hydrological cycle (wetter, hotter summer) with an increased seasonality. However, the results of this scenario indicated that there will be no drastic changes in the main pattern of water dynamics in the next 25 years and therefore no immediate threat to the available groundwater storage.
In carrying out the soil characterisation tests, it was noted that 8 different soil types were being studied, which would certainly include a wider range of values for soil properties. However, looking at the effects of bush clearing and considering the different types of soil, the results showed that there was indeed an outcome in the treated areas. For most of the studied sites, it was consistently found that bulk density had increased in the cleared areas, while porosity levels, soil moisture and organic matter decomposition rate had decreased. It was also discovered that as a side effect of bush clearing, insects such as termites were present, which played a role in some of the soil processes. Furthermore, no clear relationship with clearance status could be observed for hydraulic conductivity. These results were then used in a multi-criteria analysis to assess the health of the soils studied. This assessment showed that, overall and for the specific purpose of the research undertaken, all the soils analysed could be classified as ’healthy’ to sustain the current environmental practices of the Reserve, even after clearing was performed.
Although the results presented in this report take into account the current status of the Reserve, it is noted that there may be differences when different time frames are considered. The results provide valuable insights based on the highlights found and, based on these, recommendations that will impact the future environmental management and land use practices of the Reserve are provided.
Further analysis is recommended to gain a complete understanding of the possible effects of bush clearing on water dynamics and to compare the results presented in this research. It must also be
borne in mind that there may be discrepancies in the results obtained due to lack of equipment and time constraints.