Maritime shipping plays a vital role in global trade, involving a multitude of actors such as shipping lines, ports, and diverse logistics providers. Collaborative operations planning among those actors is imperative to advance overall efficiency and comply with increasingly strict decarbonization policies. Recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the Red Sea crisis have further highlighted this need for collaboration and have led the sector to create new forms of collaboration to enhance its resilience. Although collaborative transportation strategies have been suggested for decades, the related literature on maritime transport remains fragmented, lacking a comprehensive literature review of related research as is available for other transportation modes. In this work, we present a systematic survey on collaboration within the maritime and port transportation sector, taking a critical look at the challenges these collaborative systems face and mapping ways in which Operations Research (OR) methods are used to address them. Building on the two main forms of vertical and horizontal collaborations, we distinguish the involved stakeholders, analyze collaboration approaches, classify decision support and OR approaches, and discuss practical applications, leading to a research agenda that outlines specific challenges for future research. In this way, we connect the fragmented problems and approaches to a roadmap for future collaborative maritime and port transportation systems. This survey helps maritime researchers and practitioners find the right methods for their challenges and gain insight into directions for future collaboration, catalyzing both further research in academia and industrial implementations. This survey further facilitates advanced collaboration in maritime transportation systems, showing pathways towards visions of large-scale collaboration such as the Physical Internet.

Dynamic pricing can be used for better fleet distribution in free-floating vehicle sharing (FFVS), and thus increase utilization and revenue for the provider by reducing supply-demand asymmetry. Supply-demand asymmetry refers to the existence of an undersupply of vehicles at some locations at the same time as underutilization of vehicles at other locations. We propose to use dynamic pricing as an instrument to incentivize users to rebalance these vehicles from low demand locations to high demand locations. Despite significant research in rebalancing vehicle sharing, the literature so far lacks experimental results on dynamic pricing in free-floating vehicle sharing. We propose to use an algorithm that minimizes the differences in the idle time of vehicles. The algorithm is tested in a real-life experiment that was conducted in cooperation with an FFVS provider. The results of the experiment are not statistically significant, but they clearly indicate that even slight differences in pricing and a simple algorithm can already influence user-behavior to counter supply-demand asymmetry. Improving the existing algorithm with more experimental research is advised to further uncover the potential of this strategy.