LZ
L.J. Zwaan
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Hydrological Drivers of Cutoff Regimes in Meandering Rivers
A Study on Overbank Flood Effects on Chute and Neck Cutoffs using Satellite Imagery
Predicting and modelling meandering river migration is necessary for river engineering, land development, and risk assessment. One chaotic process that makes predicting the migration more difficult is the cutoff of a river bend, which is the subject of this report. This report describes the research process and results of a study on overbank flood effects on chute and neck cutoffs in single-thread meandering alluvial rivers. The following research question is addressed in this report: “What is the relationship between the duration of overbank flooding and the formation of chute versus neck cutoffs?”. The relationships between the overbank flood shear stress and the frequency of chute versus neck cutoffs, and between the soil type of the floodplain and the frequency of chute versus neck cutoffs are evaluated.
An overbank flood exceeds the bankfull limit of a river, flowing over the floodplain. When a river bend is cut off, two cutoff types are visually distinguished: neck cutoffs and chute cutoffs. Cutoffs of both types were analysed in four rivers in the United States of America: Cheyenne River in North Dakota, Powder River in Wyoming and Montana, Pearl River in Mississippi, and Trinity River in Texas. These rivers have a chute cutoff regime, a mixed cutoff regime, and two neck cutoff regimes, respectively.
For these four rivers satellite imagery on Google Earth Pro was combined with measurements from USGS measurement stations and soil data from SoilWeb. The bankfull river discharge was converted to bankfull river depth to calculate the overbank flood heights and the overbank flood shear stresses acting on the floodplain during floods. Subtraction of the critical shear stresses of the soils resulted in residual shear stresses. These were combined with the corresponding flood durations to calculate the flood impulses of each flood.
The floods associated with chute cutoffs showed larger overbank flood shear stresses than those for neck cutoffs. Rivers with steeper slopes seem to be more prone to a chute cutoff regime than rivers with gentler slopes. The soils in which chute cutoffs were formed contained high sand percentages, while the neck cutoffs occurred in a wider range of soil types. The overbank floods creating chute cutoffs exerted larger residual shear stresses for shorter durations, as opposed to smaller residual shear stresses for longer durations of floods associated with neck cutoffs. The overbank flood impulses associated with chute cutoffs show a larger range and higher values, but are on average not significantly different to those of neck cutoffs.
The processes related to river bend cutoffs are very complex and not entirely understood yet and more research is needed on a local and a greater scale. The formulation of general relationships for chaotic events such as cutoffs will improve the prediction and modelling of meandering rivers. This will be increasingly useful, especially now with more extreme weather events and river floods all over the world. ...
An overbank flood exceeds the bankfull limit of a river, flowing over the floodplain. When a river bend is cut off, two cutoff types are visually distinguished: neck cutoffs and chute cutoffs. Cutoffs of both types were analysed in four rivers in the United States of America: Cheyenne River in North Dakota, Powder River in Wyoming and Montana, Pearl River in Mississippi, and Trinity River in Texas. These rivers have a chute cutoff regime, a mixed cutoff regime, and two neck cutoff regimes, respectively.
For these four rivers satellite imagery on Google Earth Pro was combined with measurements from USGS measurement stations and soil data from SoilWeb. The bankfull river discharge was converted to bankfull river depth to calculate the overbank flood heights and the overbank flood shear stresses acting on the floodplain during floods. Subtraction of the critical shear stresses of the soils resulted in residual shear stresses. These were combined with the corresponding flood durations to calculate the flood impulses of each flood.
The floods associated with chute cutoffs showed larger overbank flood shear stresses than those for neck cutoffs. Rivers with steeper slopes seem to be more prone to a chute cutoff regime than rivers with gentler slopes. The soils in which chute cutoffs were formed contained high sand percentages, while the neck cutoffs occurred in a wider range of soil types. The overbank floods creating chute cutoffs exerted larger residual shear stresses for shorter durations, as opposed to smaller residual shear stresses for longer durations of floods associated with neck cutoffs. The overbank flood impulses associated with chute cutoffs show a larger range and higher values, but are on average not significantly different to those of neck cutoffs.
The processes related to river bend cutoffs are very complex and not entirely understood yet and more research is needed on a local and a greater scale. The formulation of general relationships for chaotic events such as cutoffs will improve the prediction and modelling of meandering rivers. This will be increasingly useful, especially now with more extreme weather events and river floods all over the world. ...
Predicting and modelling meandering river migration is necessary for river engineering, land development, and risk assessment. One chaotic process that makes predicting the migration more difficult is the cutoff of a river bend, which is the subject of this report. This report describes the research process and results of a study on overbank flood effects on chute and neck cutoffs in single-thread meandering alluvial rivers. The following research question is addressed in this report: “What is the relationship between the duration of overbank flooding and the formation of chute versus neck cutoffs?”. The relationships between the overbank flood shear stress and the frequency of chute versus neck cutoffs, and between the soil type of the floodplain and the frequency of chute versus neck cutoffs are evaluated.
An overbank flood exceeds the bankfull limit of a river, flowing over the floodplain. When a river bend is cut off, two cutoff types are visually distinguished: neck cutoffs and chute cutoffs. Cutoffs of both types were analysed in four rivers in the United States of America: Cheyenne River in North Dakota, Powder River in Wyoming and Montana, Pearl River in Mississippi, and Trinity River in Texas. These rivers have a chute cutoff regime, a mixed cutoff regime, and two neck cutoff regimes, respectively.
For these four rivers satellite imagery on Google Earth Pro was combined with measurements from USGS measurement stations and soil data from SoilWeb. The bankfull river discharge was converted to bankfull river depth to calculate the overbank flood heights and the overbank flood shear stresses acting on the floodplain during floods. Subtraction of the critical shear stresses of the soils resulted in residual shear stresses. These were combined with the corresponding flood durations to calculate the flood impulses of each flood.
The floods associated with chute cutoffs showed larger overbank flood shear stresses than those for neck cutoffs. Rivers with steeper slopes seem to be more prone to a chute cutoff regime than rivers with gentler slopes. The soils in which chute cutoffs were formed contained high sand percentages, while the neck cutoffs occurred in a wider range of soil types. The overbank floods creating chute cutoffs exerted larger residual shear stresses for shorter durations, as opposed to smaller residual shear stresses for longer durations of floods associated with neck cutoffs. The overbank flood impulses associated with chute cutoffs show a larger range and higher values, but are on average not significantly different to those of neck cutoffs.
The processes related to river bend cutoffs are very complex and not entirely understood yet and more research is needed on a local and a greater scale. The formulation of general relationships for chaotic events such as cutoffs will improve the prediction and modelling of meandering rivers. This will be increasingly useful, especially now with more extreme weather events and river floods all over the world.
An overbank flood exceeds the bankfull limit of a river, flowing over the floodplain. When a river bend is cut off, two cutoff types are visually distinguished: neck cutoffs and chute cutoffs. Cutoffs of both types were analysed in four rivers in the United States of America: Cheyenne River in North Dakota, Powder River in Wyoming and Montana, Pearl River in Mississippi, and Trinity River in Texas. These rivers have a chute cutoff regime, a mixed cutoff regime, and two neck cutoff regimes, respectively.
For these four rivers satellite imagery on Google Earth Pro was combined with measurements from USGS measurement stations and soil data from SoilWeb. The bankfull river discharge was converted to bankfull river depth to calculate the overbank flood heights and the overbank flood shear stresses acting on the floodplain during floods. Subtraction of the critical shear stresses of the soils resulted in residual shear stresses. These were combined with the corresponding flood durations to calculate the flood impulses of each flood.
The floods associated with chute cutoffs showed larger overbank flood shear stresses than those for neck cutoffs. Rivers with steeper slopes seem to be more prone to a chute cutoff regime than rivers with gentler slopes. The soils in which chute cutoffs were formed contained high sand percentages, while the neck cutoffs occurred in a wider range of soil types. The overbank floods creating chute cutoffs exerted larger residual shear stresses for shorter durations, as opposed to smaller residual shear stresses for longer durations of floods associated with neck cutoffs. The overbank flood impulses associated with chute cutoffs show a larger range and higher values, but are on average not significantly different to those of neck cutoffs.
The processes related to river bend cutoffs are very complex and not entirely understood yet and more research is needed on a local and a greater scale. The formulation of general relationships for chaotic events such as cutoffs will improve the prediction and modelling of meandering rivers. This will be increasingly useful, especially now with more extreme weather events and river floods all over the world.
Student report
(2023)
-
J. van Asselt, A.C.C. Bervoets, C.M.A. Bloem, V.R.J. Kindermann, R.P. Koopman, L.J. Zwaan, C. Mai Van, H. Alkisaei, S. Truong Hong
The Mekong Delta in Vietnam is facing several challenges as a result of climate change. Among others, the effects include an increase in river discharge during the wet season, leading to river floods, and a decrease in river discharge during the dry season. The decrease in discharge results in a shortage of fresh water required for irrigation and drinking water. Besides that, the combination of sea-level rise, land subsidence, and decreased river discharge during the dry season results in saltwater intrusion. This threatens freshwater supply even more. Furthermore, there is an increasing risk of floods from the sea due to low land elevation and the rising sea level in combination with the occurrence of storm surges. The scope of this research is the area around the Ham Luong estuary, which is a branch of the Mekong River. The partial closure of this river branch is considered by the Vietnamese government as a measure to reduce the effect of the above-mentioned effects of climate change. However, not enough research has been conducted yet on the impact of a partial closure on the Ham Luong estuary. This has lead to the following research question: “What is the impact of various closure scenarios on the hydraulic characteristics and social activities in the Ham Luong estuary, considering a 75-year forecast?” The region of the Ham Luong estuary is characterised by its intensive agri- and aquaculture. More than 60% of the inhabitants is directly active within the agri- or aquaculture. As these activities are strongly dependent on the salinity of the estuary, they are highly affected by the effects of climate change. The region is densely populated with more than 125,000 inhabitants living near the Ham Luong estuary. It is clear that the effects of climate change are threatening the region in hydraulic aspects, as well as socio-economic aspects. A partial closure could reduce these effects, but will influence the region in several ways. In order to estimate the impact, a combination of hydraulic and socio-economic aspects is assessed based on a criteria set. This criteria set contains the criteria of freshwater supply, agricultural and aquaculture adaptation, biodiversity, stable riverbanks, and navigability. These criteria will be tested on a total of four alternative interventions in the Ham Luong estuary. Three alternatives with a storm surge barrier and one alternative without a storm surge barrier. All alternatives include heightening of the existing dyke system, as this seems to be inevitable when aiming for long-term development in the region. The extend of dyke heightening is subject to the choice of alternative. As a part of the impact analysis, a Delft3D model was built to analyse the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes in the Ham Luong estuary. The model was restricted to the chosen spatial scope, which only covers the Ham Luong estuary, without any upstream bifurcations. The model gave insights in processes like salt intrusion, sedimentation rates, and water levels. However, due to model simplifications and assumptions, the outcomes of the model where not useful for quantitative assessments. Still, the results are used to compare the impact of the different alternatives to each other. As expected, the alternatives that include a storm surge barrier will provide more possibilities to retain fresh water than the alternative without a barrier. From the results, it followed that the limited spatial scope excludes the redistribution of upstream discharge. It is recommended to look at a larger scale of the Mekong Delta when assessing hydro- and morphodynamic processes. Forming a flood protection system, the structural design of such a storm surge barrier, together with a quick estimation of a dyke system. The dyke system is different for each alternative, depending on the presence and the location of a barrier. The barrier design includes a thorough analysis on feasibility of gate types, technical requirements, load combinations, design of dimensions, and the operation. The load combinations take hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, wind, and soil loads into account. The design of the dimensions is done for the gates, sill, lifting structure, pier, foundation, and the bed protection. By assessing the above-mentioned criteria, a preferred solution is identified. This preference is based on a Multi-Criteria Analysis, which includes weighted scores for all alternatives. The outcome of the Multi-Criteria Analysis appears to be very sensitive to the rating and weights of the criteria, which makes it difficult to identify one of the alternatives as the preferred solution based on only the score on the different criteria. For this reason more research is needed. However, when including a cost estimation of the four alternatives, it can be stated that the alternative of no storm surge barrier and only the corresponding extensive dyke heightening could be considered as most cost-beneficial alternative and therefore as the preferred solution. It is expected that with or without closure of the Ham Luong estuary the system will change. The availability of fresh water will be improved by the presence of a closure, although more research is needed to specify this further. The increasing salt intrusion, as a result of Relative Sea-Level Rise (RSLR) will lead to agricultural and aquaculture adaptation in all alternatives. Either due to the construction of the barrier, or due to the gradual RSLR. A closure also has effect on the biodiversity, stability of the river banks, and navigability in the river. When implementing a closure these effects should be further investigated to assess the effect quantitatively.
...
The Mekong Delta in Vietnam is facing several challenges as a result of climate change. Among others, the effects include an increase in river discharge during the wet season, leading to river floods, and a decrease in river discharge during the dry season. The decrease in discharge results in a shortage of fresh water required for irrigation and drinking water. Besides that, the combination of sea-level rise, land subsidence, and decreased river discharge during the dry season results in saltwater intrusion. This threatens freshwater supply even more. Furthermore, there is an increasing risk of floods from the sea due to low land elevation and the rising sea level in combination with the occurrence of storm surges. The scope of this research is the area around the Ham Luong estuary, which is a branch of the Mekong River. The partial closure of this river branch is considered by the Vietnamese government as a measure to reduce the effect of the above-mentioned effects of climate change. However, not enough research has been conducted yet on the impact of a partial closure on the Ham Luong estuary. This has lead to the following research question: “What is the impact of various closure scenarios on the hydraulic characteristics and social activities in the Ham Luong estuary, considering a 75-year forecast?” The region of the Ham Luong estuary is characterised by its intensive agri- and aquaculture. More than 60% of the inhabitants is directly active within the agri- or aquaculture. As these activities are strongly dependent on the salinity of the estuary, they are highly affected by the effects of climate change. The region is densely populated with more than 125,000 inhabitants living near the Ham Luong estuary. It is clear that the effects of climate change are threatening the region in hydraulic aspects, as well as socio-economic aspects. A partial closure could reduce these effects, but will influence the region in several ways. In order to estimate the impact, a combination of hydraulic and socio-economic aspects is assessed based on a criteria set. This criteria set contains the criteria of freshwater supply, agricultural and aquaculture adaptation, biodiversity, stable riverbanks, and navigability. These criteria will be tested on a total of four alternative interventions in the Ham Luong estuary. Three alternatives with a storm surge barrier and one alternative without a storm surge barrier. All alternatives include heightening of the existing dyke system, as this seems to be inevitable when aiming for long-term development in the region. The extend of dyke heightening is subject to the choice of alternative. As a part of the impact analysis, a Delft3D model was built to analyse the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes in the Ham Luong estuary. The model was restricted to the chosen spatial scope, which only covers the Ham Luong estuary, without any upstream bifurcations. The model gave insights in processes like salt intrusion, sedimentation rates, and water levels. However, due to model simplifications and assumptions, the outcomes of the model where not useful for quantitative assessments. Still, the results are used to compare the impact of the different alternatives to each other. As expected, the alternatives that include a storm surge barrier will provide more possibilities to retain fresh water than the alternative without a barrier. From the results, it followed that the limited spatial scope excludes the redistribution of upstream discharge. It is recommended to look at a larger scale of the Mekong Delta when assessing hydro- and morphodynamic processes. Forming a flood protection system, the structural design of such a storm surge barrier, together with a quick estimation of a dyke system. The dyke system is different for each alternative, depending on the presence and the location of a barrier. The barrier design includes a thorough analysis on feasibility of gate types, technical requirements, load combinations, design of dimensions, and the operation. The load combinations take hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, wind, and soil loads into account. The design of the dimensions is done for the gates, sill, lifting structure, pier, foundation, and the bed protection. By assessing the above-mentioned criteria, a preferred solution is identified. This preference is based on a Multi-Criteria Analysis, which includes weighted scores for all alternatives. The outcome of the Multi-Criteria Analysis appears to be very sensitive to the rating and weights of the criteria, which makes it difficult to identify one of the alternatives as the preferred solution based on only the score on the different criteria. For this reason more research is needed. However, when including a cost estimation of the four alternatives, it can be stated that the alternative of no storm surge barrier and only the corresponding extensive dyke heightening could be considered as most cost-beneficial alternative and therefore as the preferred solution. It is expected that with or without closure of the Ham Luong estuary the system will change. The availability of fresh water will be improved by the presence of a closure, although more research is needed to specify this further. The increasing salt intrusion, as a result of Relative Sea-Level Rise (RSLR) will lead to agricultural and aquaculture adaptation in all alternatives. Either due to the construction of the barrier, or due to the gradual RSLR. A closure also has effect on the biodiversity, stability of the river banks, and navigability in the river. When implementing a closure these effects should be further investigated to assess the effect quantitatively.