Multilevel extensions of overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition preconditioners of Generalized Dryja-Smith-Widlund (GDSW) type are considered in this paper. The original GDSW preconditioner is a two-level overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition preconditioner, which can be constructed algebraically from the fully assembled stiffness matrix. The FROSch software, which belongs to the ShyLU package of the Trilinos software library, provides parallel implementations of different variants of GDSW preconditioners. The coarse problem can limit the parallel scalability of two-level GDSW preconditioners. As a remedy, in the past, three-level GDSW approaches have been proposed, which can significantly extend the range of scalability. Here, a multilevel extension of the GDSW preconditioner is introduced and analyzed. Finally, parallel results for the implementation in FROSch for up to 40 000 cores of the SuperMUC-NG supercomputer at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) and to 48 000 cores of the JUWELS supercomputer at Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) are presented.

The parallel performance of the three-level fast and robust overlapping Schwarz (FROSch) preconditioners is investigated for linear elasticity. The FROSch framework is part of the Trilinos software library and contains a parallel implementation of different preconditioners with energy minimizing coarse spaces of generalized Dryja--Smith--Widlund type. The three-level extension is constructed by a recursive application of the FROSch preconditioner to the coarse problem. In this paper, the additional steps in the implementation in order to apply the FROSch preconditioner recursively are described in detail. Furthermore, it is shown that no explicit geometric information is needed in the recursive application of the preconditioner. In particular, the rigid body modes, including the rotations, can be interpolated on the coarse level without additional geometric information. Parallel results for a three-dimensional linear elasticity problem obtained on the Theta supercomputer (Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, Argonne, IL) using up to 220 000 cores are discussed and compared to results obtained on the SuperMUC-NG supercomputer (Leibniz Supercomputing Centre, Garching, Germany). Notably, it can be observed that a hierarchical communication operation in FROSch related to the coarse operator starts to dominate the computing time on Theta, which has a dragonfly interconnect, for 100 000 message passing interface (MPI) ranks or more. The same operation, however, scales well and stays within the order of a second in all experiments performed on SuperMUC-NG, which uses a fat tree network. Using hybrid MPI/OpenMP parallelization, the onset of the MPI communication problem on Theta can be delayed. Further analysis of the performance of FROSch on large supercomputers with dragonfly interconnects will be necessary.

The Fast and Robust Overlapping Schwarz framework [7, 8], which is part of the Trilinos Software library [18], contains a parallel implementation of the generalized Dryja–Smith–Widlund (GDSW) preconditioner.

Different graph partitioning methods, i.e., linear partioning, parallel hypergraph (PHG) partioning, and two approaches using ParMETIS, are considered to generate an unstructured decomposition of the second-level coarse operator of three-level FROSch (Fast and Robust Overlapping Schwarz) preconditioners in the Trilinos software library. In our context, the parallel hypergraph method shows the most consistent results.

The GDSW (Generalized Dryja–Smith–Widlund) preconditioner is a two-level overlapping Schwarz domain decomposition preconditioner [23] with exact local solvers [5, 4].

A three-level extension of the GDSW overlapping Schwarz preconditioner in two dimensions is presented, constructed by recursively applying the GDSW preconditioner to the coarse problem. Numerical results, obtained for a parallel implementation using the Trilinos software library, are presented for up to 90,000 cores of the JUQUEEN supercomputer. The superior weak parallel scalability of the three-level method is verified. For large problems and a large number of cores, the three-level method is faster by more than a factor of two, compared to the standard two-level method. The three-level method can also be expected to scale when the classical method will already be out-of-memory.

Parallel computational results for problems in dislocation mechanics are presented using the deal.II adaptive finite element software and the Fast and Robust Overlapping Schwarz (FROSch) Preconditioner.