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VBH Ketelaar
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The start of hydrocarbon production in the 1960s in the northeastern part of the Netherlands has resulted in subsidence of the ground level, which has been estimated from periodic leveling campaigns. Although leveling is a precise and reliable technique for subsidence monitoring, it is labor intensive, expensive and poses a safety risk since measurements are taken along roads. Hence, the application of satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) is investigated for subsidence monitoring, coupled with the potential improvement of reservoir behavior monitoring due to the InSAR observation frequency. The main focus lies on the Groningen gas field, which has a diameter of ∼30 kilometers, at ∼3 kilometers below surface. Complicating factors for the application of InSAR for subsidence monitoring in the Groningen area are surface changes in time due to its agricultural character (temporal decorrelation), atmospheric disturbances, and the low subsidence rates (< 1 cm/year) over a large spatial extent. Hence, the applicability of Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) is investigated. PSI utilizes objects with a coherent phase behavior in time for the estimation of deformation and other phase contributions. Since the subsidence monitoring period exceeds the lifetime of a satellite (5–10 years), multiple sensors are required: ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat phase observations have been used.
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The start of hydrocarbon production in the 1960s in the northeastern part of the Netherlands has resulted in subsidence of the ground level, which has been estimated from periodic leveling campaigns. Although leveling is a precise and reliable technique for subsidence monitoring, it is labor intensive, expensive and poses a safety risk since measurements are taken along roads. Hence, the application of satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) is investigated for subsidence monitoring, coupled with the potential improvement of reservoir behavior monitoring due to the InSAR observation frequency. The main focus lies on the Groningen gas field, which has a diameter of ∼30 kilometers, at ∼3 kilometers below surface. Complicating factors for the application of InSAR for subsidence monitoring in the Groningen area are surface changes in time due to its agricultural character (temporal decorrelation), atmospheric disturbances, and the low subsidence rates (< 1 cm/year) over a large spatial extent. Hence, the applicability of Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSI) is investigated. PSI utilizes objects with a coherent phase behavior in time for the estimation of deformation and other phase contributions. Since the subsidence monitoring period exceeds the lifetime of a satellite (5–10 years), multiple sensors are required: ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat phase observations have been used.
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar using Permanent Scatterers (PS-InSAR) [2] can be used for analyzing deformation patterns in time and space. 'Permanent Scattering' can be caused by different physical objects in the terrain. As PSs can be physically different, they may describe deformation patterns caused by different phenomena like gas extraction, ground water level variations or foundation instabilities. Separating superposed deformation signals is not trivial. The high precision of the phase data does not automatically lead to a reliable estimation of the deformation parameters. This paper gives a description of possible deformation causes and related scattering characteristics combined with a case study on separating deformation regimes. The results of a PS analysis performed on Rotterdam, the Netherlands, are used. Three classes of deformation mechanisms are discussed in relation with the corresponding scattering properties.
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Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar using Permanent Scatterers (PS-InSAR) [2] can be used for analyzing deformation patterns in time and space. 'Permanent Scattering' can be caused by different physical objects in the terrain. As PSs can be physically different, they may describe deformation patterns caused by different phenomena like gas extraction, ground water level variations or foundation instabilities. Separating superposed deformation signals is not trivial. The high precision of the phase data does not automatically lead to a reliable estimation of the deformation parameters. This paper gives a description of possible deformation causes and related scattering characteristics combined with a case study on separating deformation regimes. The results of a PS analysis performed on Rotterdam, the Netherlands, are used. Three classes of deformation mechanisms are discussed in relation with the corresponding scattering properties.