The determination of the Surface Mass Balance (SMB) for the Antarctic ice sheet remains subject to significant uncertainty. Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite sensors with their large spatial coverage and ability to penetrate the snowpack, represent a promising tool to more effectively assess the SMB. However, it is challenging to directly relate SMB to the SAR backscatter signal. The multitude of interactions between the snow microstructure and the backscatter signal complicate a direct translation from the backscatter signal to SMB using physical models. Additionally, the lack of reliable ground truth data limits the establishment of an empirical relationship with SMB across all of Antarctica. In this study we focus on establishing an empirical relationship between the SMB and dual polarisation SAR backscatter locally across three ice rises in Dronning Maud Land. The SMB of the ice rises was reconstructed using ground penetrating radar data and compared to the incidence angle corrected, four year average of the Sentinel-1 cross-polarization ratio σhh/σHV. We found a correlation between the SMB and the cross-polarization ratio with an R- value of 0.65 when using all available orbits. To understand this relationship we ran a radiative transfer model (SMRT) together with a physical snowmodel (SNOWPACK), which was forced by field measurements across the central ice rise. The results show generally lower density and optically equivalent grain diameter in accumulation zones but also higher specific surface area of the grains. Overall the results show the existence of a relationship between the SMB and the cross-polarization ratio for the study area. This promising proxy could be combined with physical models and extended to larger parts of Antarctica in future research. ... Read more

The future contributions of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to sea level rise will depend on the evolution of its surface mass balance (SMB), which could amplify/dampen mass losses increasingly observed at the ice sheet's edge. In situ constraints of SMB over annual-to-decadal timescales consist mostly of firn/ice cores that have a surface footprint cm. SMB constraints also come from climate models, which have a higher temporal resolution but a larger surface footprint of several km. We use ice-penetrating radar data to obtain an intermediate spatial and temporal resolution SMB record over three ice rises along the Princess Ragnhild Coast. The co-located ice cores allow us to obtain absolute radar-derived SMB rates at a multi-annual-to-decadal temporal resolution. By comparing the ice core SMB measurements and the radar-derived SMB records, we determine that pointwise measurements of SMB are representative of a small surface area, m radius extending from the ice core drill site for the ice rises studied here, and that the pointwise measurements are systematically 7–15 cm w.e. a lower than the mean SMB value calculated for the whole ice rises. However, ice core records are representative of an entire ice rise's temporal variability at the temporal resolution examined. ... Read more