ESA’s SWARM constellation of three near-polar satellites was launched on 22 November 2013, with the primary scientific objective to map the Earth’s magnetic field and its variations. Although not among its primary scientific objectives, the specific orbital formation geometry of the three identical SWARM accelerometer-equipped satellites allows recovery for more accurate low-degree temporal gravity field. Equipped with satellite laser ranging retro-reflectors, accelerometers and geodetic-quality GPS receivers, data from the SWARM satellites have been used to estimate low-degree temporal gravity field based on the acceleration, short-arc, and celestial mechanics approaches, with geopotential solutions complete to degree and order 15. Here we will use the improved formulation for the energy balance approach (EBA) to estimate the temporal gravity field using data from the SWARM satellites. The improved energy balance approach to generate in situ geopotential difference measurements using the GRACE KBR data has achieved the measurement accuracy by more than 3 orders of magnitude compared to previous studies. Specifically, we will: (1) assess the accuracy of SWARM temporal gravity field EBA solutions by comparing with solutions using other approaches and versus GRACE solutions using GPS and using KBR; (2) assess the impact on lowdegree temporal gravity field EBA solutions using kinematic or dynamic SWARM GPS orbits; (3) evaluate low-degree temporal gravity solutions with or without accelerometer-corrections for data from individual SWARM satellite or from the combined constellation of SWARM satellites; (4) evaluate and confirm the maximum achievable degree and order of temporal gravity field model using data from the SWARM constellation of satellites, and (5) investigate the fidelity of the estimated SWARM second degree zonal geopotential coefficients and other approaches, as well as the solutions using other data, including SLR, other GPS, and GRACE KBR solutions. @en

The Swarm satellite mission provides important information regarding the temporal changes of Earth’s gravity field. Several European institutes routinely process Swarm GPS data to produce kinematic orbits, which forms the basis for the estimation of monthly gravity fields. Each institute follows a different gravity field estimation approach and all together they provide complementary advantages. As a result, the combined gravity field model is superior to any individual contribution, improving the accuracy of the measurement of mass transport processes. These models are an integral part of the European Gravity Service for Improved Emergency Management project (http://egsiem.eu), thus providing independent input, in additional to dedicated geodetic data. We illustrate the agreement of the Swarm models with the much more accurate GRACE solutions, at 1666km wavelength and over most of the Swarm mission lifetime. We additionally highlight large surface mass transport processes represented by the Swarm GPS data. @en