The time a naval combatant can be deployed for a mission is limited by its dependency on supplies. At a certain point the ship needs to leave the area of operations to be replenished in a harbour or by a support ship. Moreover, the Royal Netherlands Navy has a societal obligation to reduce its environmental impact, in particular on global warming. Therefore, the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) wants to reduce the fossil fuel dependency of its fleet significantly [50]. One of the methods to reduce fossil fuel dependency of ships is to reduce their energy requirement.
The operational profile of fast naval combatants for the RNLN requires that the ships operate on the diesel engines for 90 percent of the time, often in part load. In part load, the turbocharger cannot supply the engine with the right amount of charge air. This results in a limited operating envelope for the diesel engine, and a decreased efficiency in part load. This is caused by the matching of a turbocharger, which is a compromise between high efficiency in the design point, and off design performance. However, in part load, advanced charge air configurations can potentially resolve this and improve the results as shown by Grimmelius et al. [15] and Zhang et al. [56]
This study investigates the effect of advanced charge air configurations on the efficiency and acceleration performance of diesel engines in hybrid configurations aboard fast naval combatants. First, two mean value first principle diesel engine models based on the work of Geertsma et al. [12] were used to model the diesel engine. Next, the models were partly validated with ship data. We found that an approach using compressor maps and a motion based turbocharger model was most accurate. Then, a parallel-sequential turbocharger and a hybrid electric turbocharger were incorporated into the model. A hybrid turbocharger is a turbocharger with an electric machine coupled to the turbocharger shaft. The electric machine can increase the turbocharger speed to boost the charge air pressure in motor mode. Also, in generator mode excessive power from the turbocharger shaft can be taken out and utilized elsewhere. It was concluded that the application of advanced charge air configurations can significantly improve the engine efficiency in part load. For example, in a diesel hybrid propulsion configuration with power take-off this can lead to an efficiency increase of almost 10% at 20% load in comparison with a single charged engine. Furthermore, hybrid turbocharging enables extending the operating envelope of a parallel-sequential turbocharged engine with up to 25% at 60% engine speed. This enables the engine to deliver constant torque from 600 to 1000 rpm. With these concepts therefore, both improved efficiency and improved acceleration performance can be achieved.