In the ROCK MANUAL (2007) some guidance is given for the design of toes for breakwaters. However, for very shallow toes, as well as for very wide toes (or berms) this guidance is only marginally. Recently a number of shallow berms and toes have been constructed, partly with the intention to lower the height of the breakwater. These works showed the need for further research on this topic. Errata: In equation 3 a power 3 is missing behind the brackets in the left part and on de bottom of page 7 is referred to figure 596 of the rock manual, this has to be figure 5.69.