This thesis proposes a model for charge scheduling of electric vehicles in last-mile distribution to investigate the impact of charge schedule optimisation on charging cost. A mixed integer problem formulation is proposed that considers labour, battery degradation and time-va
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This thesis proposes a model for charge scheduling of electric vehicles in last-mile distribution to investigate the impact of charge schedule optimisation on charging cost. A mixed integer problem formulation is proposed that considers labour, battery degradation and time-variable energy cost. The benefit of implementing charge schedule optimisation is assessed in a computational study for a real-life case at e-grocer Picnic. It turns out that the implementation of charging optimisation yields an overall reduction of charging costs by 25.2\% when compared to the current operational charging performance. Furthermore, the impact of three different shift schedule types, the increase in vehicle battery size, the addition of coordinated charging and the implementation of fast chargers is investigated. It turns out that more energy demanding shift schedules result in higher average charging cost per charged amount of energy. The introduction of a larger battery size, shows potential for decreasing cost related to charging. Moreover, coordinated charging yields a large reduction of charging cost, while the influence of fast chargers turns out to be marginal.