M. Ravilov
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We present a development of capacitively coupled EM sensors integrated in non-corrosive casings for permanent CSEM monitoring in boreholes. Capacitive sensors are required to detect low-frequency (diffusive-field) signals where voltage measurements fail and ammeters need to be used. The permanent installation in boreholes necessitates surface placement of the electronic components to ensure their longevity and accessibility. An issue is that small current signals need to be transferred over a large distance via cables whose capacitances are larger than the ones from the sensors, so a circuit of a Zero-Resistance Ammeter with Integrator (ZRA-I) was developed for annihilating the cable-capacitance effect. Via modelling, lab and small-scale field testing, we were able to show that capacitive sensors with ZRA-I electronics worked well: although the desired signal is slightly decreased compared to the one from galvanically coupled sensors, the signal-to-noise ratios are comparable, for the frequencies used. So we show that capacitive sensors can successfully be integrated in composite casings and, with the proper sensor electronics, can well be used for permanent CSEM monitoring in boreholes.
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We present a development of capacitively coupled EM sensors integrated in non-corrosive casings for permanent CSEM monitoring in boreholes. Capacitive sensors are required to detect low-frequency (diffusive-field) signals where voltage measurements fail and ammeters need to be used. The permanent installation in boreholes necessitates surface placement of the electronic components to ensure their longevity and accessibility. An issue is that small current signals need to be transferred over a large distance via cables whose capacitances are larger than the ones from the sensors, so a circuit of a Zero-Resistance Ammeter with Integrator (ZRA-I) was developed for annihilating the cable-capacitance effect. Via modelling, lab and small-scale field testing, we were able to show that capacitive sensors with ZRA-I electronics worked well: although the desired signal is slightly decreased compared to the one from galvanically coupled sensors, the signal-to-noise ratios are comparable, for the frequencies used. So we show that capacitive sensors can successfully be integrated in composite casings and, with the proper sensor electronics, can well be used for permanent CSEM monitoring in boreholes.
The primary goal of the present work is evaluation and comparison of vertical and horizontal well placements and their impact on the power output of a CPG (CO2 Plume Geothermal) system. Performances of vertical and horizontal wells arranged in a repeated five-spot pattern are evaluated for single- and multi-phase flow cases. Numerical models were developed in MOOSE (Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment), tested and compared against each other and previous studies. The study discusses the accuracy of present models, the effects of buoyancy, phase mobilities and different well placements on the power output of CPG systems.
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The primary goal of the present work is evaluation and comparison of vertical and horizontal well placements and their impact on the power output of a CPG (CO2 Plume Geothermal) system. Performances of vertical and horizontal wells arranged in a repeated five-spot pattern are evaluated for single- and multi-phase flow cases. Numerical models were developed in MOOSE (Multiphysics Object Oriented Simulation Environment), tested and compared against each other and previous studies. The study discusses the accuracy of present models, the effects of buoyancy, phase mobilities and different well placements on the power output of CPG systems.