The objective of this thesis was to design a generically applicable framework for guiding the development of technological innovation systems in small island developing states (SIDS). Existing theories formed the bases of the framework but important changes were derived from a cross-case study of five island based innovation systems and an in-depth case study of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) technology on the island of Curaçao. Two key factors were found to make the development of innovation systems in SIDS different. Firstly, only specific technologies should be targeted – high-margin or service sectors, and the ones that utilize strategic locations or specific natural resources of the islands. Secondly, due to the characteristics of SIDS the innovation systems’ integration into the landscape and regimes of the islands is essential – the links between the innovation systems and regimes and landscapes are much stronger in SIDS than in developed states. Therefore strong network of local partners should be established in order to guarantee sufficient support from the islands’ regimes. Also, due to the potential impacts on the islands’ landscapes, projects that are parts of the TIS should be of ‘moderate’ sizes so that they do not make the SIDS overly dependent on the success or failure of the technology. Furthermore, the innovation systems should be developed gradually in order not to disrupt the fragile economies of the islands. By following this set of rules, close relationships between the sectors and the islands’ regimes and landscapes can be established. This results into a win-win situation where the TIS can develop as it benefits from the island’s support (permits, policies, tax exemptions etc.) and the island itself reaps socio-economic benefits. Without this win-win situation, the TIS will struggle to develop.