The properties of stable Luttinger liquid phases in models with a nonconserved number of particles are investigated. We study the Luttinger liquid phases in one-dimensional models of hard-core boson and spinless fermion chains where particles can be created and annihilated three by three on adjacent sites. We provide an intuitive and systematic method based on the flow equation approach, which accounts for additional terms in the correlations generated by the Z3-symmetric interactions. We find that despite the emergence of U(1) symmetry under renormalization, the observables are still affected by its breaking in the bare Hamiltonian. In particular, the standard bosonization mapping becomes insufficient to capture the full behavior of correlation functions.

We investigate the nature of the phase transitions in the quantum Ashkin-Teller chain in the presence of chiral perturbations. We locate the Lifshitz line separating a region of direct chiral transitions from the region where the transition is through an intermediate floating phase. Furthermore, we identify a small region in the vicinity of the four-state Potts point where chiral perturbations are irrelevant and where the transition remains conformal. Implications to Rydberg atom experiments are briefly discussed.

We show that including pairing and repulsion into the description of one-dimensional spinless fermions, as in the domain wall theory of commensurate melting or the interacting Kitaev chain, leads, for strong enough repulsion, to a line of critical points in the eight-vertex universality class terminating floating phases with emergent U(1) symmetry. For nearest-neighbor repulsion and pairing, the variation of the critical exponents along the line that can be extracted from Baxter's exact solution of the XYZ chain at Jx=-Jz is fully confirmed by extensive density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) simulations of the entire phase diagram, and the qualitative features of the phase diagram are shown to be independent of the precise form of the interactions.

We investigate the properties of a frustrated spin-5/2 chain with next-nearest-neighbor two- and three-site interactions, with two questions in mind: the nature of the transition into the dimerized phase induced by the three-site interaction, and the possible presence of a critical floating phase at intermediate values of the next-nearest-neighbor interaction. We provide strong evidence that the continuous transition into the dimerized phase, which has been found to be generically in the Wess-Zumino-Witten SU(2)2S universality class up to spin S=2, is SU(2)5 only at two isolated points of the phase diagram, and that it is SU(2)3 in between, in agreement with the presence of two relevant operators allowed by symmetry for SU(2)5, and with the conservation of the parity of the level index along the renormalization flow between SU(2)k theories with different values of k. We also find that the dimerization induced by the next-nearest-neighbor interaction is a three step process, with first a small partially dimerized phase followed by a broad critical floating phase with incommensurate correlations before the fully dimerized phase is reached. Implications for the iron oxide Bi3FeMo2O12 are briefly discussed.

Using density matrix renormalization group simulations on open chains, we map out the wave vector in the incommensurate disordered phase of a realistic model of Rydberg chains with 1/r6 interactions, and we locate and characterize the points along the commensurate lines where the transition out of the period 3 and 4 phases is conformal. We confirm that it is three-state Potts for the period-3 phase, and we show that it is Ashkin-Teller with ν≃0.80 for the period-4 phase. We further show that close to these points, the transition is still continuous, but with a completely different scaling of the wave vector, in agreement with a chiral transition. Finally, we propose to use the conformal points as benchmarks for Kibble-Zurek experiments, defining a roadmap towards a conclusive identification of the chiral universality class.

The recent investigation of chains of Rydberg atoms has brought back the problem of commensurate-incommensurate transitions into the focus of current research. In two-dimensional classical systems or in one-dimensional quantum systems, the commensurate melting of a period-p phase with p larger than 4 is known to take place through an intermediate floating phase where correlations between domain walls or particles decay only as a power law, but when p is equal to 3 or 4, it has been argued by Huse and Fisher that the transition could also be direct and continuous in a nonconformal chiral universality class with a dynamical exponent larger than 1. This is only possible, however, if the floating phase terminates at a Lifshitz point before reaching the conformal point, a possibility debated since then. Here we argue that this is a generic feature of models where the number of particles is not conserved because the exponent of the floating phase changes along the Pokrovsky-Talapov transition and can, thus, reach the value at which the floating phase becomes unstable. Furthermore, we show numerically that this scenario is realized in an effective model of the period-3 phase of Rydberg chains in which hard-core bosons are created and annihilated three by three: The Luttinger liquid parameter reaches the critical value p2/8=9/8 along the Pokrovsky-Talapov transition, leading to a Lifshitz point that separates the floating phase from a chiral transition. Implications beyond Rydberg atoms are briefly discussed.

Chains of Rydberg atoms have emerged as an amazing playground to study quantum physics in 1D. Playing with inter-atomic distances and laser detuning, one can in particular explore the commensurate-incommensurate transition out of density waves through the Kibble-Zurek mechanism, and the possible presence of a chiral transition with dynamical exponent z > 1. Here, we address this problem theoretically with effective blockade models where the short-distance repulsions are replaced by a constraint of no double occupancy. For the period-4 phase, we show that there is an Ashkin-Teller transition point with exponent ν = 0.78 surrounded by a direct chiral transition with a dynamical exponent z = 1.11 and a Kibble-Zurek exponent μ = 0.41. For Rydberg atoms with a van der Waals potential, we suggest that the experimental value μ = 0.25 is due to a chiral transition with z ≃ 1.9 and ν ≃ 0.47 surrounding an Ashkin-Teller transition close to the 4-state Potts universality.