Advanced anatomical knowledge and understanding of the muscles involved in various movements are crucial for medical practitioners to reach the correct diagnostic and successfully predict surgery outcomes. To acquire this knowledge, 3D graphical anatomical models which are displayed stereoscopically can effectively supplement cadaveric dissections. Nevertheless, the movements implemented in the available graphical models do not accurately reproduce the intricate dynamics of the human body, which is especially relevant in the case of the hand. Biomechanical models, on the other hand, provide accurate movement simulations from experimental data, while lacking a detailed graphical representation. Thus, the current paper focuses on the incorporation of the biomechanical model of the hand developed by Mirakhorlo et al. (2018) into a comprehensive graphical anatomical model (Zygote Media Group Inc), to be used for educational purposes. Motion capture data of a pinch task was acquired to validate the combinational approach, and an inverse kinematics simulation was performed in OpenSim using the musculoskeletal model. A reference value based on the fingertip distance difference at the pinch pose was calculated from the experimental data and the simulated motion by the musculoskeletal model. This value was used for validation of the musculoskeletal model reproducibility by the graphical model. Comparison shows that the graphical model reproduced the simulated motion with satisfactory visual effects and within an acceptable range from the reference metric. The presented approach is considered a successful first step towards a biomechanically and anatomically accurate graphical model of the human hand. This lays the foundation for further work on minimising the effect of the anatomical differences between the two models in order to achieve a better match.

A distal radius fracture (DRF) is one of the most common fractures, especially in older women. Previous research shows that a DRF disturbs sensorimotor functions even eight weeks after finished treatment, which could influence neuromuscular control. The neuromuscular system exists of a sensory, motor and integration part, which all interact with each other as a closed-loop system. This study researches if a history of DRF disturbs neuromuscular control and if so, which part of the neuromuscular control system is the origin of this impairment. Nine healthy participants and eleven participants with a DRF history (who finished their treatment 0.2 – 4 years ago) executed posture tasks and reproduction tasks with a wrist perturbator. A posture task with force perturbations was done to test neuromuscular control. Changed environmental dynamics were applied to test the adaptation of the participants during the posture task. A position and force reproduction task were executed to test sensory position and force feedback. To test the motor part of the neuromuscular system, muscle activity was measured during the tasks with electromyography. The responses to the posture task did not differ between the groups. The position reproduction task was found to be significantly different between the two groups. Moreover, people with a DRF did not adapt to changed environmental dynamics while control participants did. This implies that processing of sensory position feedback does not work properly in people with a DRF history while neuromuscular control during a posture task with small deviations is still intact. A possible explanation for these results is that different neural networks are used during reproduction tasks and posture tasks. It is concluded that sensory feedback which is used in cortical processes is disturbed in people with a history of DRF while peripheral reflexes are still intact.