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G.H.G. van der Meer
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1
Hydrodynamic lubrication uses the pressure field in a thin film to support a load while keeping friction low. As friction is a cause of energy loss, wear and heat generation, it is desirable to minimise it. A standard hydrodynamic bearing can be optimised by choosing a lubricant that best suits the operating conditions of the bearing. However, when looking past the standard bearing design, three methods to improve this hydrodynamic lubrication can be distinguished.
We will investigate the use of a geometrical texture, surface slip and the use of a smart fluid as a lubricant to enhance hydrodynamic lubrication. To get a better understanding of what an optimal bearing design would look like, this thesis will compare all three methods numerically. This comparison has not been presented in literature before and provides insight into the design of next-generation hydrodynamic bearings. The accuracy of the numerical models, based on modified forms of the Reynolds equation, was investigated experimentally.
The results of our comparison show that the optimal implementation of smart fluids is highly promising. A bearing that incorporates all three methods combined experiences roughly half the friction of an equivalent Newtonian fluid-lubricated plain journal bearing. ...
We will investigate the use of a geometrical texture, surface slip and the use of a smart fluid as a lubricant to enhance hydrodynamic lubrication. To get a better understanding of what an optimal bearing design would look like, this thesis will compare all three methods numerically. This comparison has not been presented in literature before and provides insight into the design of next-generation hydrodynamic bearings. The accuracy of the numerical models, based on modified forms of the Reynolds equation, was investigated experimentally.
The results of our comparison show that the optimal implementation of smart fluids is highly promising. A bearing that incorporates all three methods combined experiences roughly half the friction of an equivalent Newtonian fluid-lubricated plain journal bearing. ...
Hydrodynamic lubrication uses the pressure field in a thin film to support a load while keeping friction low. As friction is a cause of energy loss, wear and heat generation, it is desirable to minimise it. A standard hydrodynamic bearing can be optimised by choosing a lubricant that best suits the operating conditions of the bearing. However, when looking past the standard bearing design, three methods to improve this hydrodynamic lubrication can be distinguished.
We will investigate the use of a geometrical texture, surface slip and the use of a smart fluid as a lubricant to enhance hydrodynamic lubrication. To get a better understanding of what an optimal bearing design would look like, this thesis will compare all three methods numerically. This comparison has not been presented in literature before and provides insight into the design of next-generation hydrodynamic bearings. The accuracy of the numerical models, based on modified forms of the Reynolds equation, was investigated experimentally.
The results of our comparison show that the optimal implementation of smart fluids is highly promising. A bearing that incorporates all three methods combined experiences roughly half the friction of an equivalent Newtonian fluid-lubricated plain journal bearing.
We will investigate the use of a geometrical texture, surface slip and the use of a smart fluid as a lubricant to enhance hydrodynamic lubrication. To get a better understanding of what an optimal bearing design would look like, this thesis will compare all three methods numerically. This comparison has not been presented in literature before and provides insight into the design of next-generation hydrodynamic bearings. The accuracy of the numerical models, based on modified forms of the Reynolds equation, was investigated experimentally.
The results of our comparison show that the optimal implementation of smart fluids is highly promising. A bearing that incorporates all three methods combined experiences roughly half the friction of an equivalent Newtonian fluid-lubricated plain journal bearing.
In a hydrodynamic journal bearing, the lubricant is pressurized by the relative movement of the bearing surfaces, creating a load-carrying capacity. The load-carrying capacity can be increased by using a lubricant with higher viscosity, at the cost of increased friction. A proposed method to increase the maximum load-carrying capacity, while not increasing the friction at lower loads (or at higher speeds), is by using magnetorheological (MR) fluid as lubricant and electromagnets to generate a magnetic field. MR fluid consists of a carrier fluid with micron-sized magnetic particles suspended. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, the viscosity of the fluid increases as the particles form chain-like structures. Using electromagnets, the magnetic field strength can be adjusted based on the operating conditions of the bearing and the bearing can be semi-actively controlled. The objective of this thesis is to create a visual demonstrator setup, intended for educational purposes, that can be used to investigate the pressure distribution and generated forces in a hydrodynamic half journal bearing using MR fluid and electromagnets. Furthermore, the research objective is to increase the maximum load capacity for a specified minimum film thickness, while not increasing the friction in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. The test setup was based on an existing setup made by GUNT which is able to show the pressure distribution in a half journal bearing using pressure tubes for various eccentricity ratios. Adaptations to this setup were made to measure the generated forces (horizontal force, vertical force and friction force, defined as the frictional moment divided by the radius of the bearing) and to implement an electromagnet. First, experiments using hydraulic oil were performed to test and improve the performance of the setup. Afterwards, experiments using MR fluid were performed with varying magnetic field strengths. Furthermore, a numerical model based on the two-dimensional Reynolds equation was created and validated with the experimental results. Both the numerical and experimental results showed comparable trends of increasing pressure, horizontal force and vertical force, meaning an increasing load capacity, for increasing eccentricity ratio and applied current. The numerical friction force also increased with increasing eccentricity ratio and applied current, while the experimental friction force only increased with increasing applied current and did not show a clear trend with increasing eccentricity ratio. The magnitude of the forces differed significantly between the experimental and numerical results, where the largest differences were observed for the vertical force and the friction force. Many plausible causes for the differences are identified, such as bearing tolerances, uncertainties in eccentricity and modeling simplifications. A combination of these causes is believed to lead to the observed differences. The increase in pressure, horizontal force and vertical force due to an increase in applied current was found to be much smaller experimentally than numerically. This was thought to be caused by a larger temperature increase in the experimental tests than was modeled and by simplifications used in the numerical model such as neglecting the shearthinning characteristics of MR fluids. The friction force differed even more significantly between the numerical and experimental results. Additionally, this is caused by the small magnitude of the friction force in combination with a test setup that is not accurate enough to measure small forces consistently. The created setup can show the change in pressure distribution when the applied current or eccentricity is changed. It therefore serves as a visual demonstrator setup for an MR lubricated hydrodynamic half journal bearing which can be used for educational purposes. However, demonstrator performance was found to be far from ideal as the changes in fluid column height were very slow because of the high MR fluid viscosity. Performance can potentially be improved by using a different or diluted MR fluid. Despite the large differences between the numerical and experimental results, both can be used to display the potential of semi-active control using MR fluid and electromagnets. It is shown that the maximum load capacity can be increased while not increasing the friction coefficient in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Several recommendations have been made for changes to the demonstrator setup to improve performance while keeping the setup simple and elegant. The main recommendations include improving the bearing tolerances, testing with a different or diluted MR fluid, implementing capacitive distance sensors and performing experiments at a more consistent ambient temperature.
...
In a hydrodynamic journal bearing, the lubricant is pressurized by the relative movement of the bearing surfaces, creating a load-carrying capacity. The load-carrying capacity can be increased by using a lubricant with higher viscosity, at the cost of increased friction. A proposed method to increase the maximum load-carrying capacity, while not increasing the friction at lower loads (or at higher speeds), is by using magnetorheological (MR) fluid as lubricant and electromagnets to generate a magnetic field. MR fluid consists of a carrier fluid with micron-sized magnetic particles suspended. Under the influence of an external magnetic field, the viscosity of the fluid increases as the particles form chain-like structures. Using electromagnets, the magnetic field strength can be adjusted based on the operating conditions of the bearing and the bearing can be semi-actively controlled. The objective of this thesis is to create a visual demonstrator setup, intended for educational purposes, that can be used to investigate the pressure distribution and generated forces in a hydrodynamic half journal bearing using MR fluid and electromagnets. Furthermore, the research objective is to increase the maximum load capacity for a specified minimum film thickness, while not increasing the friction in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. The test setup was based on an existing setup made by GUNT which is able to show the pressure distribution in a half journal bearing using pressure tubes for various eccentricity ratios. Adaptations to this setup were made to measure the generated forces (horizontal force, vertical force and friction force, defined as the frictional moment divided by the radius of the bearing) and to implement an electromagnet. First, experiments using hydraulic oil were performed to test and improve the performance of the setup. Afterwards, experiments using MR fluid were performed with varying magnetic field strengths. Furthermore, a numerical model based on the two-dimensional Reynolds equation was created and validated with the experimental results. Both the numerical and experimental results showed comparable trends of increasing pressure, horizontal force and vertical force, meaning an increasing load capacity, for increasing eccentricity ratio and applied current. The numerical friction force also increased with increasing eccentricity ratio and applied current, while the experimental friction force only increased with increasing applied current and did not show a clear trend with increasing eccentricity ratio. The magnitude of the forces differed significantly between the experimental and numerical results, where the largest differences were observed for the vertical force and the friction force. Many plausible causes for the differences are identified, such as bearing tolerances, uncertainties in eccentricity and modeling simplifications. A combination of these causes is believed to lead to the observed differences. The increase in pressure, horizontal force and vertical force due to an increase in applied current was found to be much smaller experimentally than numerically. This was thought to be caused by a larger temperature increase in the experimental tests than was modeled and by simplifications used in the numerical model such as neglecting the shearthinning characteristics of MR fluids. The friction force differed even more significantly between the numerical and experimental results. Additionally, this is caused by the small magnitude of the friction force in combination with a test setup that is not accurate enough to measure small forces consistently. The created setup can show the change in pressure distribution when the applied current or eccentricity is changed. It therefore serves as a visual demonstrator setup for an MR lubricated hydrodynamic half journal bearing which can be used for educational purposes. However, demonstrator performance was found to be far from ideal as the changes in fluid column height were very slow because of the high MR fluid viscosity. Performance can potentially be improved by using a different or diluted MR fluid. Despite the large differences between the numerical and experimental results, both can be used to display the potential of semi-active control using MR fluid and electromagnets. It is shown that the maximum load capacity can be increased while not increasing the friction coefficient in the hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Several recommendations have been made for changes to the demonstrator setup to improve performance while keeping the setup simple and elegant. The main recommendations include improving the bearing tolerances, testing with a different or diluted MR fluid, implementing capacitive distance sensors and performing experiments at a more consistent ambient temperature.
Master thesis
(2022)
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T.L. van Kuik, G.H.G. van der Meer, R.A.J. van Ostayen, W.P. Breugem, L. Botto
A magnetorheological fluid is a type of smart fluid that can change its rheological properties when a magnetic field is applied to the fluid. The fluid is a suspension of magnetizable particles in a non-magnetic carrier fluid. When a magnetic field is applied to the fluid, the particles will form structures along the magnetic field lines. These structures resist flow, thereby increasing the viscosity of the fluid. In a non-uniform magnetic field that is generated by a permanent magnet, the particles separate from the fluid and aggregate on the surface of the magnet. This phenomenon is of use in hydrodynamic bearings, where textures are used to increase the load capacity of the bearing. Replacing the fluid in the bearing by a magnetorheological fluid and placing permanent magnets at the desired texture locations, results in particles separating from the fluid, aggregating on the permanent magnets and forming textures. These textures are of a self-healing nature, because any particle that is sheared off, returns into the fluid and is replaced by another particle. Currently, not much is known about the formation of these textures and the influence of their formation on the rheological behavior of the magnetorheological fluid. Therefore, several discrete element models are constructed, that can simulate a magnetorheological fluid in non-uniform field. These models use basic physical laws to determine the dynamics of the particles. A single core model is constructed to simulate the behavior of the magnetorheological fluid in small domains using two different methods for the magnetic interaction forces between the particles. A parallel model is made to simulate the magnetorheological fluid in larger domains. Finally, a model that is used to simulate particulate flows, is modified to research whether two-way coupling is required to determine the steady state behavior of the magnetorheological fluid. The models show that the particles do not separate from the fluid due to the attractive force of the magnet by itself, but rather by a combination of the attractive force and the deformation of the structures when a flow is applied. Furthermore, the rheological behavior of the fluid can still be approximated using the standard viscoplastic models. Finally, the modified particulate flow model showed that two-way coupling is not required to determine the steady state behavior of the magnetorheological fluid.
...
A magnetorheological fluid is a type of smart fluid that can change its rheological properties when a magnetic field is applied to the fluid. The fluid is a suspension of magnetizable particles in a non-magnetic carrier fluid. When a magnetic field is applied to the fluid, the particles will form structures along the magnetic field lines. These structures resist flow, thereby increasing the viscosity of the fluid. In a non-uniform magnetic field that is generated by a permanent magnet, the particles separate from the fluid and aggregate on the surface of the magnet. This phenomenon is of use in hydrodynamic bearings, where textures are used to increase the load capacity of the bearing. Replacing the fluid in the bearing by a magnetorheological fluid and placing permanent magnets at the desired texture locations, results in particles separating from the fluid, aggregating on the permanent magnets and forming textures. These textures are of a self-healing nature, because any particle that is sheared off, returns into the fluid and is replaced by another particle. Currently, not much is known about the formation of these textures and the influence of their formation on the rheological behavior of the magnetorheological fluid. Therefore, several discrete element models are constructed, that can simulate a magnetorheological fluid in non-uniform field. These models use basic physical laws to determine the dynamics of the particles. A single core model is constructed to simulate the behavior of the magnetorheological fluid in small domains using two different methods for the magnetic interaction forces between the particles. A parallel model is made to simulate the magnetorheological fluid in larger domains. Finally, a model that is used to simulate particulate flows, is modified to research whether two-way coupling is required to determine the steady state behavior of the magnetorheological fluid. The models show that the particles do not separate from the fluid due to the attractive force of the magnet by itself, but rather by a combination of the attractive force and the deformation of the structures when a flow is applied. Furthermore, the rheological behavior of the fluid can still be approximated using the standard viscoplastic models. Finally, the modified particulate flow model showed that two-way coupling is not required to determine the steady state behavior of the magnetorheological fluid.