Living Architecture: The Bahay Kubo and Its Reflection of Philippine Identity
H.J. Ibanez (TU Delft - Architecture and the Built Environment)
S. Calitz – Mentor (TU Delft - Architecture and the Built Environment)
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Abstract
This paper explores the evolution of the bahay kubo during Spanish colonial rule and how it became a symbol of Philippine identity. Constructed from local materials, the bahay kubo reflects Filipino values of community and spirituality, shaping the architectural form of the vernacular dwelling. Spanish colonization introduced new religious and socio-political structures, such as Christianity and the encomienda system, which altered the built environment and transformed the bahay kubo into the bahay na bato (stone house). Despite attempts at cultural erasure, elements of the bahay kubo were preserved by blending them with colonial architecture and practices. After the declaration of independence, Filipino architects discovered a new appreciation for the bahay kubo, symbolizing national identity, which carried a hidden political agenda. By analyzing the architectural, cultural, and historical aspects surrounding the bahay kubo through literature study, this paper argues that Philippine architecture should be defined not only by its physical form but also by its ability to coexist with its people, adapting to their cultural, social, and environmental needs.