Aerodynamic Performance Analysis of Different Distributed Electric Propulsion Configurations with Low-Fidelity Models

Abstract

This thesis investigates the aerodynamic performance of various Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP) configurations using low-fidelity modeling tools. The study is motivated by the growing interest in sustainable aviation and the potential of DEP systems to offer improved aerodynamic efficiency, reduced noise, and greater design flexibility. Conducted in collaboration with Pipistrel Vertical Solutions, the research focuses on evaluating and optimizing different DEP layouts that combine minimum induced loss (MIL) propellers, dedicated for efficient cruise, and lift-augmenting (LA) propellers, designed to enhance lift during take-off and landing.

A key objective of the work is to develop a computationally efficient optimization framework suitable for early-stage design, capable of assessing multiple DEP configurations. To that end, the study integrates propeller design methodologies, slipstream modeling, and a DEP-specific lifting line solver into a single low-fidelity analysis tool. This framework is then coupled with multi-objective optimization algorithms, such as NSGA-II and SMPSO, to explore a wide design space and identify configurations that minimize take-off distance and cruise power requirements.

The thesis compares three main DEP arrangements, varying the number, size, and spanwise placement of MIL and LA propellers. The results show how propeller positioning and interaction effects influence overall aerodynamic performance, and they highlight the value and limitations of low-fidelity models in capturing these phenomena. The insights gained provide a foundation for future development of DEP systems and for refining low-fidelity tools for preliminary aircraft design.