Drivers, barriers, and strategies to enhance the adoption of cross-laminated timber in multi-storey buildings in the Netherlands
M.J. Jansen (TU Delft - Civil Engineering & Geosciences)
Yasmine Mosleh – Mentor (TU Delft - Bio-based Structures & Materials)
Hans Ramler – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Integral Design & Management)
Chris Noteboom – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Applied Mechanics)
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Abstract
Climate change is one of the most urgent global issues, with the construction sector contributing nearly 11% of global CO2 emissions. Cross-laminated timber (CLT), is proposed as a sustainable alternative for concrete and steel that, can reduce carbon emissions. The primary objectives are to identify the main drivers and barriers to using CLT in multi-storey buildings in the Netherlands and to propose strategies to overcome these barriers. The results indicate that timber’s natural ability to store captured carbon dioxide was the most important driver. Besides, CLT's lightweight nature allows for precise, modular prefabrication in factories, enabling quick and safe on-site assembly.
The biggest barriers are related to financial and political aspects, but also to technical and sociocultural aspects. Some of the regulatory barriers are CLT’s unfair representation in the MPG system and its incompatibility with building codes. Additionally, CLT is oftentimes more expensive than concrete and steel, making it less attractive. Moreover, there is still till some extent a lack of knowledge and experience across the AEC industry regarding CLT, leading to perceptions of risk and reluctance to adopt it. Some of the technical challenges are related to fire-safety, acoustics, moisture, and connections.
Five sets of strategies have been developed to overcome the aforementioned barriers. The first set of strategies is aimed at increasing industry-wide knowledge and awareness on CLT. The second set of strategies is focused on changing the industry by promoting collaboration and reorganizing the timber supply chain. The third set of strategies addresses the cost barriers by offering new financial models to overcome the cost surplus of CLT construction. The fourth category is focused on overcoming technical barriers by making technical advancements like improvements and innovations in prefabricated systems and increased standardisation. The last set of strategies is aimed at addressing regulatory barriers. Strategies include revising the MPG system to better account for biogenic carbon storage, expanding the national environmental database to include more timber products, establishing building codes that support timber construction, and setting timber building quotas.