Simulation of the refuelling process for an LH2-Powered commercial Aircraft
Part 2 - Refuelling time of the Airbus ZEROe turboprop concept
L. ten Damme (Student TU Delft)
M. van Put (Airbus)
A. Gangoli Rao (TU Delft - Flight Performance and Propulsion)
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Abstract
Liquid hydrogen (LH2) is gaining momentum as a sustainable aviation fuel, but its cryogenic nature poses significant challenges for ground operations, particularly aircraft refuelling. This process is increasingly recognised as a potential bottleneck for operational efficiency, as it can significantly extend turnaround times. Although some recent studies have proposed assumptions about LH2 refuelling rates, their conclusions vary widely, and detailed modelling efforts remain limited. This paper presents the second part of a two-part study that aims to improve understanding of the LH2 refuelling by delivering a validated numerical modelling framework and practical insights to support the design of future LH2-powered aircraft and their airport refuelling operations. Part 1 focused on developing and validating a thermodynamic model that captures key physical phenomena such as heat transfer and droplet dynamics. The model was validated against experimental data from the LH2 no-vent filling tests to demonstrate its accuracy in predicting relevant physical processes. In Part 2, the validated model is applied to a representative case study based on the Airbus ZEROe Turboprop concept. The objective is to quantify the refuelling time and hydrogen venting under realistic conditions. The simulation results indicate a refuelling time of approximately 19, min and ventilation losses of 36.7, kg, corresponding to approximately 2. 2 % of the total transferred LH2 mass. Although the duration of refuelling exceeds that of current kerosene-powered aircraft such as the Bombardier Q400, the overall turnaround time remains feasible if the LH2 refuelling process is carried out in parallel with other ground operations, subject to safety protocols. These findings challenge simplified assumptions in the previous literature and provide physics-based insight to support the design of safe and efficient LH2 fuelling procedures and infrastructure for future zero-emission aviation.
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