Interaction in Landscape Pattern and Hydrological Process Indices

Abstract

There are complex landscape pattern and hydrological process (LPHP) interactions, which exhibit different coupling mechanisms across multiple temporal and spatial scales. However, in-depth understanding of the LPHP interactions is currently lacking. This research conducted a systematic review of 198 empirical studies to explore the LPHP interactions. The findings reveal that: 1) global LPHP research was concentrated in temperate regions, with tropical and cold regions underrepresented; 2) LPHP interactions showed temporal and spatial scales differentiation, with the majority of studies occurring at long-term local and regional scales, and the relationship between agricultural land expansion and surface runoff was a key point. This research proposed a dual-path driving model that captures both landscape pattern-driven hydrological processes and hydrological process-reshaping landscape patterns. In natural areas, high cohesion and aggregation patterns should be protected and enhanced. In urban areas, landscape fragmentation should be controlled and green infrastructure should be promoted to strengthen hydrological resilience. Additionally, soil erosion and floods not only alter the landscape composition but may also trigger dynamic changes in landscape configuration, forming feedback loops, which are particularly pronounced at the local scale. Identifying these key pathways enhances the understanding of the coupled human–nature system, facilitating more robust predictions and responses to future changes and challenges.