Key characteristics and modelling of bigels systems
A review
Ahmad Shakeel (TU Delft - Rivers, Ports, Waterways and Dredging Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore)
Ujala Farooq (University of Engineering & Technology Lahore)
Tanveer Iqbal (University of Engineering & Technology Lahore)
Saima Yasin (University of Engineering & Technology Lahore)
Francesca R. Lupi (University of Calabria)
Domenico Gabriele (University of Calabria)
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Abstract
Bigels are interesting semisolid formulations with better properties for different applications such as cosmetics and pharmaceutical systems. Due to the mixing of two phases of different nature (polar and apolar), bigels possess some interesting features like ability to deliver hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, better spreadability and water washability, improved permeability of drugs, enhanced hydration of stratum corneum and ability to manipulate the drug release rate. The main objective of this review article is to provide a thorough insight into the important characteristics of bigels together with the discussion on modelling of bigel systems to relate their properties with individual constituents and different parameters. Moreover, some important applications of bigels are also discussed by considering some examples from the literature.
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