Reducing CO2 Emissions in Indonesian Container Terminals
A Study on Cost-Effective Mitigation Strategies
N.Z.W. Dhira (TU Delft - Civil Engineering & Geosciences)
JFJ Pruyn – Mentor (TU Delft - Ship Design, Production and Operations)
Lorent Tavasszy – Graduation committee member (TU Delft - Transport, Mobility and Logistics)
Adson Hofman – Mentor (STC Next)
H. Sandee – Graduation committee member (STC Next)
H. Fahmiasari – Graduation committee member (External organisation)
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Abstract
Abstract─ Indonesia’s container port sector is economically vital but contributes significantly to national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emissions reduction planning remains fragmented, especially for small and medium-sized terminals. This study develops a standardized, scalable framework for quantifying emissions, forecasting trends, and assessing the cost-effectiveness of decarbonization measures across Indonesian container terminals. Using operational data from five terminals, large (TPS, BJTI, TTL), medium (Palembang), and small (Jambi), an activity-based inventory was built for Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. Future emissions were projected under business-as-usual (BAU) and mitigation scenarios, and five decarbonization strategies were evaluated using Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC) analysis. In 2024, carbon intensity ranged from 20.1 to 34.2 kgCO₂e/TEU, with higher values driven by vessel hoteling and carbon-intensive grids rather than terminal size. Without intervention, emission intensity is projected to decrease by 20% and increasing up to 11% by 2050. Operational measures like layout optimization (as low as €0.1/tCO₂) and operator training (€7.3/tCO₂) offer immediate, low-cost reductions. Structural options such as onshore power supply (OPS) and equipment electrification yield larger abatement but are only cost-effective with a cleaner electricity grid. Solar PV offers moderate reductions and energy resilience, becoming viable at carbon prices above €40/t. Most structural measures are economically attractive between €0–50/t. The findings support a phased strategy: prioritize operational efficiency first, implement OPS and solar PV as the grid decarbonizes, and phase in electrification during asset renewal cycles to support sustainable port development.
Index Terms─ Container Port Decarbonization, CO2 Emissions, Marginal Abatement Cost Curve (MACC)