State of the art of immobilization designs for the conservative treatment of bone fractures (1982–2025)–a patent review

Abstract

Introduction: Bone fractures represent a global health problem with the incidence of fractures on the rise each year. The predominant method for addressing bone fractures involves immobilization. Worldwide, many initiatives have sought to develop innovative fracture immobilization designs, and numerous solutions have been patented. However, a comprehensive overview and systematic classification of these patented designs is lacking. Areas covered: In pursuit of these patented immobilization designs, the Espacenet database, recognized as the largest global repository of patents, served as the principal investigative tool. Using a search string, patent classifications and inclusion criteria a total of 71 patents were identified. These can be classified into four unique design groups: (1) fixed and partly enclosed, (2) fixed and fully enclosed, (3) adjustable and partly enclosed and (4) adjustable and fully enclosed designs. The designs that are commercially available are predominantly situated within groups 3 and 4. Expert opinion: Advances in 3D scanning and additive manufacturing could improve comfort, personalization, and monitoring in fracture immobilization, but clinical adoption is hindered by slow production times, workflow misalignment, and regulatory barriers. Key improvements are needed in scanning accuracy, adjustment protocols, and integration into hospital logistics to ensure both technical feasibility and clinical usability.