Driving Experience and Behavior Change in Remote Driving
An Explorative Experimental Study
Lin Zhao (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Mikael Nybacka (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Malte Rothhamel (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Azra Habibovic (Scania CV AB)
Georgios Papaioannou (TU Delft - Intelligent Vehicles)
Lars Drugge (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
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Abstract
Remote driving plays an essential role in coordinating automated vehicles in some challenging situations. Due to the changed driving environment, the experiences and behaviors of remote drivers would undergo some changes compared to conventional drivers. To study this, a continuous real-life and remote driving experiment is conducted under different driving conditions. In addition, the effect of steering force feedback (SFF) on the driving experience is also investigated. In order to achieve this, three types of SFF modes are compared. According to the results, no SFF significantly worsens the driving experience in both remote and real-life driving. Additionally, less force and returnability on steering wheel are needed in remote driving, and the steering force amplitude appears to influence the steering velocity of remote drivers. Furthermore, there is an increase in lane following deviation during remote driving. Remote drivers are also prone to driving at lower speeds and have a higher steering reversal rate. They also give larger steering angle inputs when crossing the cones in a slalom manoeuvre and cause the car to experience larger lateral acceleration. These findings provide indications on how to design SFF and how driving behavior and experience change in remote driving.