Transportation and mobility are experiencing a significant transformation the recent years, which is evident in road (vehicles and bicycles) and rail vehicles. This transformation includes the introduction of automated vehicles (AVs), the increase of active transportation modes (e.g. cycling and walking) and the extended use of trains for commuting to work or travelling. However, despite this great transition, there are significant challenges that can hamper the wide use of these transport means, with comfort being one of them. In this paper, we explore physical comfort in these transport modes, examining ride comfort and motion sickness definitions and assessment, environmental influences, occupant postures, human body dynamics, and postural control strategies for adapting to motion. We conclude that while established comfort guidelines exist for conventional vehicles, substantial gaps persist in understanding and evaluating comfort in emerging modes like bicycles and automated vehicles with varied seating. Further research into modelling human body dynamics and the central nervous system's role in postural control, especially for cyclists and non-conventional postures, is essential for designing future transportation systems that prioritise comfort and health.

Remote driving plays an essential role in coordinating automated vehicles in some challenging situations. Due to the changed driving environment, the experiences and behaviors of remote drivers would undergo some changes compared to conventional drivers. To study this, a continuous real-life and remote driving experiment is conducted under different driving conditions. In addition, the effect of steering force feedback (SFF) on the driving experience is also investigated. In order to achieve this, three types of SFF modes are compared. According to the results, no SFF significantly worsens the driving experience in both remote and real-life driving. Additionally, less force and returnability on steering wheel are needed in remote driving, and the steering force amplitude appears to influence the steering velocity of remote drivers. Furthermore, there is an increase in lane following deviation during remote driving. Remote drivers are also prone to driving at lower speeds and have a higher steering reversal rate. They also give larger steering angle inputs when crossing the cones in a slalom manoeuvre and cause the car to experience larger lateral acceleration. These findings provide indications on how to design SFF and how driving behavior and experience change in remote driving.