The effects of driving with different levels of unreliable automation on self-reported workload and secondary task performance

Journal Article (2016)
Author(s)

JCF de Winter (TU Delft - OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics)

N.A. Stanton (University of Southampton)

J.S. Price (University of Southampton)

H. Mistry (University of Southampton)

Research Group
OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics
Copyright
© 2016 J.C.F. de Winter, NA Stanton, J.S. Price, H. Mistry
DOI related publication
https://doi.org/10.1504/IJVD.2016.076736
More Info
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Publication Year
2016
Language
English
Copyright
© 2016 J.C.F. de Winter, NA Stanton, J.S. Price, H. Mistry
Research Group
OLD Intelligent Vehicles & Cognitive Robotics
Bibliographical Note
Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.@en
Issue number
4
Volume number
70
Pages (from-to)
297-324
Reuse Rights

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Abstract

Until automated cars function perfectly, drivers will have to take over control when automation fails or reaches its functional limits. Two simulator experiments (N = 24 and 27) were conducted, each testing four automation levels ranging from manual control (MC) to highly automated driving. In both experiments, participants about once every 3 min experienced an event that required intervention. Participants performed a secondary divided attention task while driving. Automation generally resulted in improved secondary task performance and reduced self-reported physical demand and effort as compared to MC. However, automated speed control was experienced as more frustrating than MC. Participants responded quickly to the events when the stimulus was salient (i.e., stop sign, crossing pedestrian, and braking lead car), but often failed to react to an automation failure when their vehicle was driving slowly. In conclusion, driving with imperfect automation can be frustrating, even though mental and physical demands are reduced.

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