Characterization of the bacterial community in shower water before and after chlorination
M.C.F.M. Peters (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
M.G.A. Keuten (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
Aleksandra Magic-Knezev (Het Waterlaboratorium)
Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)
J.S. Vrouwenvelder (TU Delft - BT/Environmental Biotechnology, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)
L.C. Rietveld (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
M.K. de Kreuk (TU Delft - Sanitary Engineering)
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Abstract
Bathers release bacteria in swimming pool water, but little is known about the fate of these bacteria and potential risks they might cause. Therefore, shower water was characterized and subjected to chlorination to identify the more chlorine-resistant bacteria that might survive in a chlorinated swimming pool and therefore could form a potential health risk. The total community before and after chlorination (1 mg Cl2 L1 for 30 s) was characterized. More than 99% of the bacteria in the shower water were Gram-negative. The dominant bacterial families with a relative abundance of 10% of the total (non-chlorinated and chlorinated) communities were Flavobacteriaceae (24–21%), Xanthomonadaceae (23–24%), Moraxellaceae (12–11%) and Pseudomonadaceae (10–22%). The relative abundance of Pseudomonadaceae increased after chlorination and increased even more with longer contact times at 1 mg Cl2 L1. Therefore, Pseudomonadaceae were suggested to be relatively more chlorine resistant than the other identified bacteria. To determine which bacteria could survive chlorination causing a potential health risk, the relative abundance of the intact cell community was characterized before and after chlorination. The dominant bacterial families in the intact community (non-chlorinated and chlorinated) were Xanthomonadaceae (21–17%) and Moraxellaceae (48–57%). Moraxellaceae were therefore more chlorine resistant than the other identified intact bacteria present.