A Stand-Alone Si-Based Porous Photoelectrochemical Cell
Wouter Vijselaar (University of Twente)
Paula Perez Rodriguez (TU Delft - Photovoltaic Materials and Devices)
Pieter Westerik (University of Twente)
Roald M. Tiggelaar (University of Twente)
Arno Hendrikus Marie Smets (TU Delft - Photovoltaic Materials and Devices)
Han Gardeniers (University of Twente)
Jurriaan Huskens (University of Twente)
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Abstract
Wireless photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices promise easy device fabrication as well as reduced losses. Here, the design and fabrication of a stand-alone ion exchange material-embedded, Si membrane-based, photoelectrochemical cell architecture with micron-sized pores is shown, to overcome the i) pH gradient formation due to long-distance ion transport, ii) product crossover, and iii) parasitic light absorption by application of a patterned catalyst. The membrane-embedded PEC cell with micropores utilizes a triple Si junction cell as the light absorber, and Pt and IrO
x
as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reactions and oxygen evolution reactions, respectively. The solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 7% at steady-state operation, as compared to an unpatterned η
PV
of 10.8%, is mainly attributed to absorption losses by the incorporation of the micropores and catalyst microdots. The introduction of the Nafion ion exchange material ensures an intrinsically safe PEC cell, by reducing the total gas crossover to <0.1%, while without a cation exchange membrane, a crossover of >6% is observed. Only in a pure electrolyte of 1 m H
2
SO
4
, a pH gradient-free system is observed thus completely avoiding the build-up of a counteracting potential.
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