Print Email Facebook Twitter Depth estimation in SPAD-based LIDAR sensors Title Depth estimation in SPAD-based LIDAR sensors Author Chen, Mingzhe (Student TU Delft; Silicon Integrated B.V.) Ramachandra Rao, P. (TU Delft Electronic Instrumentation) Venialgo Araujo, E. (TU Delft Optical Technologies) Date 2024 Abstract In direct time-of-flight (D-TOF) light detection and ranging (LIDAR), accuracy and full-scale range (FSR) are the main performance parameters to consider. Particularly, in single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) based systems, the photon-counting statistics plays a fundamental role in determining the LIDAR performance. Also, the intrinsic performance ultimately depends on the system parameters and constraints, which are set by the application. However, the best-achievable performance directly depends on the selected depth estimation method and is not necessarily equal to intrinsic performance. We evaluate a D-TOF LIDAR system, in the particular context of smartphone applications, in terms of parameter trade-offs and estimation efficiency. First, we develop a simulation model by combining radiometry and photon-counting statistics. Next, we perform a trade-off analysis to study dependencies between system parameters and application constraints, as well as non-linearities caused by the detection method. Further, we derive an analytical model to calculate the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the LIDAR system, which analytically accounts for the shot noise. Finally, we evaluate a depth estimation method based on artificial intelligence (AI) and compare its performance to the CRLB. We demonstrate that the AI-based estimator fully compensates the non-linearity in depth estimation, which varies depending on application conditions such as target reflectivity. To reference this document use: http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:e4badb9a-3515-45eb-8b31-6b7d0a4f1a29 DOI https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.507975 ISSN 1094-4087 Source Optics Express, 32 (3), 3006-3030 Part of collection Institutional Repository Document type journal article Rights © 2024 Mingzhe Chen, P. Ramachandra Rao, E. Venialgo Araujo Files PDF oe-32-3-3006.pdf 3.47 MB Close viewer /islandora/object/uuid:e4badb9a-3515-45eb-8b31-6b7d0a4f1a29/datastream/OBJ/view