Can inner and outer containment counteract pulls and pushes toward delinquency? A test of Walter Reckless’s containment theory

The aim of the current study is to provide an empirical test of containment theory of Walter Reckless (1899–1988). The theory proposes that outer and inner containment hold adolescents back from delinquency even when external factors pull and push them toward it. This early control theory was ahead of its time, but never received the...