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Zheng, X. (author), Yang, Feng (author), Shiau, Jim (author), Lai, F. (author), Dias, Daniel (author)This paper presents a stability study on the collapse mechanisms of a plane-strain tunnel face in c-ϕ soils using the upper bound finite element method with rigid translatory moving elements (UBFELA-RTME) and nonlinear programming technique. Practical considerations are given to the unlined length influence behind the tunnel face. An advanced...journal article 2023